Genetic, metabolic and environmental factors involved in the development of liver cirrhosis in Mexico

Table 2 Genetic polymorphisms associated with the outcomes of hepatitis C virus infection

Gene	Risk allele	Association	Population	Ref.
Lipid metabolism
APOB	-516 C	Increased susceptibility of HCV infection	Chinese	[125]
APOE	APOE*3	Viral persistence	Northern European	[126]
LDLr	rs2738459 C, rs2569540 G, rs1433099 A, rs11672123 A	Higher viral load in genotypes 1 and 4	Spanish	[127]
MTTP	-493 T	Higher degree of steatosis, HCV RNA serum levels and hepatic fibrosis	Native Italian	[128,129]
PNPLA3	M148	Higher risk for steatosis and fibrosis progression	European: Belgian, German and French	[130]
Inmune response mediators
CXCL1	rs4074 A	Higher risk for LC	German	[131]
IL-28B	rs12979860 T	Higher risk for LC and HCC	Native Italian and Chinese	[132,133]
TGF-β1	-509 T	Higher risk for LC and HCC	Egyptian	[134]
TNF-α	-308 A	Higher risk for LC and HCC	Egyptian	[134]
Fibrogenesis
MMP-1	-1607 2G	Higher prevalence of LC	Japanese	[135]
MMP-3	-1171 5A	Lower age at LC diagnosis and a higher Child-Pugh score	Japanese	[135]
MMP-9	-1562 C	Higher prevalence of LC	Japanese	[135]
Nutrient metabolism
MTHFR	677 T	Hyperhomocysteinemia and higher degree of steatosis and fibrosis	Italian	[136]
HFE	63 D	Higher likelihood of LC	Taiwanese	[137]
VDR	CAA haplotype (rs1544410 C, rs7975232 A, rs731236 A)	Higher fibrosis progression and LC	Swiss	[138]

LC: Liver cirrhosis; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.