Copyright
©The Author(s) 2015.
World J Gastroenterol. Jul 7, 2015; 21(25): 7659-7671
Published online Jul 7, 2015. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7659
Published online Jul 7, 2015. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7659
Primary tumor (T) | |
Tx | Primary tumor cannot be assessed |
T0 | No evidence of primary tumor |
Tis | Carcinoma in situ: intraepithelial or invasion of lamina propria |
T1 | Tumor invades submucosa |
T2 | Tumor invades muscularis propria |
T3 | Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into the pericolorectal tissues |
T4a | Tumor penetrates to the surface of the visceral peritoneum |
T4b | Tumor directly invades or is adherent to other organs or structures |
Regional lymph nodes (N) | |
NX | Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed |
N0 | No regional lymph node metastasis |
N1 | Metastasis in 1-3 regional lymph nodes |
N1a | Metastasis in one regional lymph node |
N1b | Metastasis in 2-3 regional lymph nodes |
N1c | Tumor deposit(s) in the subserosa, mesentery, or nonperitonealized pericolonic or perirectal tissues without without regional node metastasis |
N2 | Metastasis in four or more regional lymph nodes |
N2a | Metastasis in 4-6 regional lymph nodes |
N2b | Metastasis in seven or more regional lymph nodes |
Distant metastasis (M) | |
M0 | No distant metastasis |
M1 | Distant metastasis |
M1a | Metastasis confined to one organ or site (e.g., liver, lung, ovary, nonregional node) |
M1b | Metastasis in more than one organ/site or the peritoneum |
- Citation: Gaertner WB, Kwaan MR, Madoff RD, Melton GB. Rectal cancer: An evidence-based update for primary care providers. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21(25): 7659-7671
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v21/i25/7659.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7659