Useful strategies to prevent severe stricture after endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal neoplasm

Table 1 Risk factors of esophageal stricture formation after endo-therapy

Ref.	Setting	Study design	Patients (n)	Mechanical stenosis and/or symptom(dysphasia)	Risk factor	Additional therapy of chemo/radiation	Follow-up period (mo)
Ono et al[15]	Single center	Retrospective	65	Necessity of EBD	More than three-fourths of circumferential extension of mucosal defect (OR = 44.2; 95%CI: 4.4-443.6) histologic depth to the LPM cancer (OR = 14.2; 95%CI: 2.7-74.2)	Excluded	Unknown
Shi et al[26]	Single center	Retrospective	362	Failure to pass a standard endoscope (11 mm-diameter)	More than three-fourths of circumferential extension of mucosal defect (OR = 44.2, 95%CI: 4.4-443.6) depth of invasion above the LPM cancer (OR = 14.2, 95%CI: 2.7-74.2)	Excluded	41 (16-77)
Takahashi et al[25]	Single center	Retrospective	76	Failure of both symptomatic relief of dysphagia and the passage of a standard endoscope (9.2 mm or 9.0 mm-diameter) without any resistance 4-wk after the last session	More than three-fourths of the circumferential extent of mucosal defect (OR = 305.9; 95%CI: 89.387-1046.8)	Excluded	Stricture group: 30.0 (5-142) nonstricture group: 45.0 (6-174)

EBD: Endoscopic balloon dilation.