Outcome and costs of laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy during the initial learning curve vs laparotomy

Table 1 Demographic and comorbidity characteristics of the patients, n

Characteristic	TLPD	OPD	P value
Age, yr (range)	59.3 ± 9.3 (44-79)	59.9 ± 10.4 (36-78)	0.804
Male/female	18/12	23/7	0.165
Malignant/benign	27/3	26/4	0.688
Comorbidities
Hypertension	3	4	1.000
Chronic pancreatitis	0	1	1.000
Hepatocirrhosis	0	2	0.472
Diabetes	3	2	1.000
Pulmonary disease	1	2	1.000
Cardiac disease	0	1	1.000
ASA score			0.943
ASA 1	6	6
ASA 2	19	18
ASA 3	5	6

ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; OPD: Open pancreaticoduodenectomy; TLPD: Total laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy.