To be or not to be: The host genetic factor and beyond in Helicobacter pylori mediated gastro-duodenal diseases

Figure 3 Signaling pathway elicited by the virulence factors elicits various transcription factors or cytokines that in turn influences other molecular cascades. A-D: Depicts common molecular cascades elicited by cytokines or messengers. The cytokines or other molecular messengers are expressed due to signaling pathways described in Figure 2. IL-1B: Interleukin 1 beta; TNFα: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; BMP: Bone morphogenetic protein; WNT: Wingless-type; BMP: Bone morphogenetic protein; IHH: Indian hedgehog; MYD88: Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88; NFκB: Nuclear factor kappa beta.