Endoscopic non-technical skills team training: The next step in quality assurance of endoscopy training

Table 3 Participants (n = 23) patient safety attitudes pre and post training on a 5-point Likert scale (1: strongly disagree, 5: strongly agree)

Patient safety attitude	Pre-course mean ± SD	Post-course mean ± SD	P value
A. Perceived patient safety knowledge
Different types of medical error	3.3 ± 1.2	4.2 ± 0.6	< 0.001
Factors contributing to error	3.5 ± 1.0	4.5 ± 0.5	< 0.001
Factors influencing patient safety	4.0 ± 1.0	4.5 ± 0.5	0.04
Ways of speaking up about error	3.5 ± 1.1	4.3 ± 0.6	0.009
What should happen if an error occurs	3.6 ± 1.2	4.3 ± 0.7	0.01
How to report an error1	3.8 ± 1.3	4.3 ± 0.7	0.11
B. Perceived patient safety awareness
Able to identify situations leading to error	3.9 ± 0.6	4.3 ± 0.5	0.03
Able to take steps to ensure patient safety1	4.0 ± 0.5	4.1 ± 0.5	0.45
Able to investigate errors to prevent re-occurrence	3.5 ± 0.8	4.1 ± 0.6	0.006
Understand the role of human factors in error prevention	4.0 ± 0.8	4.5 ± 0.6	0.01
Able to see potential for error and rectify it1	3.8 ± 0.6	4.0 ± 0.6	0.09
Understand factors resulting in wrong site procedure	3.8 ± 0.8	4.7 ± 0.5	< 0.001
Able to prevent wrong site procedures	4.0 ± 0.7	4.5 ± 0.6	0.004
Understand factors behind drug errors	3.9 ± 0.8	4.4 ± 0.6	0.004
Able to prevent drug errors	3.9 ± 0.8	4.4 ± 0.6	0.002
C. Perceived influence on patient safety
Easier to find someone to blame following an error	2.5 ± 1.2	2.4 ± 1.0	0.79
Confident addressing a colleague disregarding patient safety	3.9 ± 0.8	4.3 ± 0.6	0.07
Able to talk to a colleague who has made an error1	3.7 ± 0.7	4.0 ± 0.7	0.06
Able to ensure safety is not compromised	3.5 ± 0.8	3.9 ± 0.8	0.10
Incident forms improve patient safety	4.0 ± 1.0	4.0 ± 0.8	0.59
Able to talk about my own errors	4.1 ± 0.5	4.3 ± 0.5	0.16
D. Attitudes towards error management
Identifying incident causation contributes to patient safety	4.3 ± 0.6	4.5 ± 0.5	0.13
Learning from my mistakes will prevent medical error	4.2 ± 0.8	4.4 ± 0.6	0.45
Dealing with errors is an important part of my job	4.5 ± 0.5	4.5 ± 0.5	1.00
Able to challenge practices that compromise patient safety	4.5 ± 0.5	4.6 ± 0.6	0.65
It is acceptable to be honest about mistakes in my work-place	4.5 ± 0.6	4.4 ± 0.6	0.48
Admitting error would lead to fair treatment by management	4.0 ± 0.7	4.1 ± 0.6	0.32
E. Error management actions
I report errors in my workplace	4.4 ± 0.7	4.5 ± 0.6	0.76
I challenge patient safety complacency	4.2 ± 0.7	4.4 ± 0.5	0.24
I communicate safety expectations to my team	4.3 ± 0.6	4.4 ± 0.5	0.39
I support team members involved in an incident	4.5 ± 0.6	4.7 ± 0.5	0.10
I inform colleagues about errors they make	4.2 ± 0.6	4.1 ± 0.6	0.71
I intervene if a patient is exposed to harm	4.4 ± 0.7	4.6 ± 0.5	0.23
I actively learn from others’ mistakes	4.4 ± 0.6	4.5 ± 0.5	0.41
F. Personal views following an error
Following an error I would feel afraid	3.1 ± 0.9	3.1 ± 0.8	1.00
Following an error I would feel ashamed	3.6 ± 0.9	3.6 ± 1.0	1.00
Following an error I would feel guilty	4.1 ± 0.7	3.9 ± 0.8	0.15
Following an error I would feel upset	4.5 ± 0.5	4.3 ± 0.6	0.24
I know whom to inform following an error	4.4 ± 0.7	4.5 ± 0.6	0.24
I know whom to escalate a problem to arising during a list	4.5 ± 0.7	4.4 ± 0.7	0.56
Able to request a debrief +/- support following a mistake I have made	4.1 ± 1.1	4.2 ± 0.9	0.94

¹Areas that did not significantly change after training and would be addressed in future training sessions.