Chemopreventive effect of apple and berry fruits against colon cancer

Table 2 In vitro and in vivo effects of berry extracts against colon cancer

Berry juice and itsComponents	Models(cell line/animal)	Observation/result	Ref.
Anthocyanin fractions of berry juice	HCT-15 cells	Inhibited growth of human intestinal carcinoma cells	[31,33]
	HCT-116 cells	Inhibited the growth of colon cancer cells
Chokeberry ARE	HT29 cells	Percentage of cells increased and blockade in G1/G0 phase of cell cycle	[32,33]
		Increased expression of p21WAF1 and p27KIP1 genes
		Decreased percentage of cells in S phase indicating that cells moved to G2/M phase	[35]
Predominant anthocyanin: cyanidin-3-galactoside	HT29 cells	65% growth inhibition after 24 h exposure	[34]
		High cell viability observed indicating cytostatic inhibition
		Inactivation of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes
Anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside)	HT29 cells	Growth inhibition of cells may occur in a COX-independent manner	[37]
Phytochemicals of berry juice; Carotenoid (β-carotene) and flavonoid (tangeritin)	HT29 cells	Upregulation of p21WAF1 and p27KIP1 expression	[35]
		p21WAF1 CDKI blocks G1 and G2 phase cyclin-CDK complexes
Anthocyanin-rich purple corn color of berry juice	Rats injected with PhIP	Decrease in incidence of early colon cancer lesions, decrease in aberrant crypt foci and a protective effect against PhIP-induced colon carcinogenesis	[33]
Anthocyanin-rich black raspberries	Rodents with colorectal cancer/polyp tissue	Biomarkers of proliferation and angiogenesis were significantly reduced while apoptosis of cancer cells was enhanced
Mirtocyan of bilberry extract	Patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma and colorectal liver metastases	Significant reduction in IGF-1 levels thereby reducing carcinogenesis	[40]

ARE: Anthocyanin-rich extract; CDK: Cyclin-dependent kinase; CDKI: CDK inhibitor; COX: Cyclooxygenase; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor-1; PhIP: 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazol(4,5-b) pyridine.