MicroRNAs in colorectal cancer: Role in metastasis and clinical perspectives

Table 5 MicroRNAs as therapeutic, potential prognostic and predictive markers for colorectal cancer

MicroRNAs	Dysregulation	Clinical phenotypes	Ref.
miR-221	Upregulated in CRC	Prognostic factors for poor overall survival in CRC patients	[90]
miR-141	Upregulated in CRC	Higher level associated with poor survival; an independent prognostic factor for advanced CRC	[71]
pre-miR-423	Upregulated in CRC	SNPs in these miRNAs were significantly associated with recurrence-free survival in CRC	[91]
pre-miR-608	Upregulated in CRC		[91]
miR-222	Upregulated in CRC	Played a role in the development of MDR by modulation of ADAM-17 in CRC	[79,92]
miR-328	Upregulated in CRC	Chemotherapeutic insensitive CRC cells, carrying stem cell-like properties, could be reversed by restoring miR-328 to normal	[79]
let-7g	Upregulated in CRC	Higher level associated with poor S-1 response; was prognostic in early-stage CRC	[10,93]
miR-18a	Upregulated in CRC	Higher level associated with poor overall survival	[94]
miR-21	Upregulated in adenoma, CRC, and liver metastases	Higher level associated with lymph node metastasis, poor survival, poor therapeutic outcomes, rapid recurrence, and shorter disease-free interval	[88]
miR-31	Upregulated in CRC	Higher level associated with higher TNM stages and local invasion	[91]
miR-106a	Upregulated in colon cancer	Higher level associated with longer disease-free survival and overall survival	[10]
miR-143	Downregulated in colon cancer and liver metastases	Lower level associated with larger tumour size and longer disease-free interval; expression levels served as an independent prognostic biomarker for KRAS wild-type CRC	[65,91]
miR-145	Downregulated in CRC	Lower level associated with large tumour size and tumour location	[65,91]
miR-181b	Upregulated in CRC	Higher level associated with poor S-1 response	[10]
miR-320	Downregulated in MSS tumour	Lower level associated with shorter progression-free survival	[94]
miR-498	Downregulated in MSS tumour	Lower level associated with shorter progression-free survival	[94]

Up- or downregulation is stated as miRNA expression relative to normal colon tissue, or MSS relative to MS. CRC: Colorectal cancer; miRNA: MicroRNA; MSS: Microsatellite stable tumour; TNM: Tumour-node-metastasis.