Review
Copyright ©2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Gastroenterol. Oct 28, 2014; 20(40): 14787-14804
Published online Oct 28, 2014. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i40.14787
Table 3 Major compounds identified in propolis resin
Chemical groupsCompounds
AlcoholsBenzene methanol, cinnamyl alcohol, glycerol, α-glycerol phosphate, hydroquinone, isobutenol, phenethyl alcohol
AldehydesBenzaldehyde, caproic aldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, isovanillin, vanillin
Aliphatic acids and aliphatic estersAcetic acid, angelic acid, butyric acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, isobutyric acid, methylbutyric acid, isobutyl acetate, isopentyl acetate
Amino acidsAlanine, β-alanine, α-aminobutyric acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, ornithine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine
Aromatic acidsBenzoic acid, caffeic acid, cinnamic, coumaric, acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, isoferulic acid, 4-methoxy cinnamic acid, salicylic acid, vanillic acid
Aromatic estersBenzyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, benzyl caffeate, benzyl coumarate, benzyl ferulate, benzyl isoferulate, benzyl salicylate, butenyl caffeate, butyl caffeate, cinnamyl benzoate, cinnamyl caffeate, ethyl benzoate
ChalconesAlpinetin chalcone, naringenin chalcone, pinobanksin chalcone, pinocembrin chalcone, sakuranetin chalcone
FlavanonesNaringenin, pinobanksin, pinobanksin-3-acetate, pinobanksin-3-butyrate, pinobanksin-3-hexanoate, pinobanksin-3-methyl ether, pinobanksin-3-pentanoate
Flavones and flavonolsAcacetin, apigenin, apigenin-7-methyl ether, galagin, galagin-3-methyl ether, izalpinin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, quercetin, ramnetin, ramnocitrin
Waxy acidsArachid acid, behenic acid, cerotic acid, lauric acid, linoleic acid, lignoceric acid, montanic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid
KetonesAcetophenone, dihydroxy-acetophenone, methylacetophenone
Terpenoids and other compoundsα-acetoxybetulenol, β-bisabolol, 1,8-cineole, α-copaene, cymene, limonene, styrene, xanthorreol, naphthalene, sesquiterpene alcohol, sesquiterpene diol
SteroidsCalinasterol acetate, b-dihydrofucosterol acetate, ucosterol acetate, stigmasterol acetate
SugarsFructofuranose, α-D-glucopyranose, β-D-glucopyranose