Impact of Clostridium difficile infection on inflammatory bowel disease outcome: A review

Table 2 Long-term outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease patients with Clostridium difficile infection compared to those with inflammatory bowel disease alone

Ref.	Journal and year of publication	Study design and time frame	Outcome
Murthy et al[21] Canada	Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012	In-patients; 2002-2008	UC patients with CDI was associated with increased adjusted 5-yr risk of mortality, but not of colectomy, as compared with UC without CDI
Navaneethan et al[24] United States	J Crohns Colitis 2012	Out-/in-patients; 2002-2007	One year following CDI: increased rates of ERV (37.8% vs 4%, P = 0.001) and colectomy (35.6% vs 9.9%, P = 0.001); escalation in medical therapy in 58.8% as compared to the prior year (12.9%) (P = 0.0001)
Jodorkovsky et al[19] United States	Dig Dis Sci 2010	In-patients; 2004-2005	One year following CDI: UC patients with CDI had increased rate of ERV (8 vs 1, P = 0.012), higher number of UC– related hospitalizations (58 vs 27, P = 0.001), and two-fold higher rates of colectomy (44.6% vs 25%, P = 0.04) compared to UC alone
Chiplunker et al[27] United States	Gastroenterology 2009	Case-control, in-patients; 2005-2006	One year following CDI: over half required an escalation in their IBD medical therapy, 46% had more hospitalisations, colectomy occured in 10.3% , and no mortality

CDI: Clostridium difficile infection; ERV: Emergency room visits; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; OR: Odds ratio; UC: Ulcerative colitis.