Therapeutic uses of animal biles in traditional Chinese medicine: An ethnopharmacological, biophysical chemical and medicinal review

Table 2 A list of diseases treated by animal biles in traditional Chinese medicine

Disease	Animal bile or gallstones
Digestive system
Jaundice	Bear, ox
Biliary colic	Bear, python, yak
Epigastric pain	Fox, gaur, kite
Gastric regurgitation	Bear, dog, pig
Infantile malnutrition	Bear, dog, pig, python, tiger, wild boar
Hemorrhoids	Bear, duck, goose, hedgehog, ox, python, turtle
Anal fistula	Bear, turtle
Dysentery	Bear, dog, python, tiger
Diarrhea	Bear, dog, pig
Constipation	Pig
Intestinal parasites	Bear, ox, dog, pallas pit viper, crucian carp, horseshoe crab
Stuck fishbone	Black carp, crucian carp, grass carp, mandarin fish
Acute alcoholism	Fox
Alcoholic cirrhosis	Fox
Food poisoning	Parrot
Skin
Infectious skin diseases	Bear, chicken, common carp, crucian carp, dog, elephant, goat and sheep, horse, ox, pallas pit viper, pig, python, vulture, wild boar
Burns	Pig, human, wild boar
Traumatic injury	Deer, dog, human, mouse
Darkish complexion	Antelope, goat and sheep
Tinea versicolor	Antelope, goat and sheep
Chloasma, freckle, ephelis	Antelope, goat and sheep
Shampoo for hair	Pig
Leprosy	Black snack, horseshoe crab
Eyes
Infectious eye diseases	Black carp, chicken, common carp, crow, dog, duck, goat and sheep, hedgehog, otter, pig, python, skink, tortoise
Improving visual acuity	Bat, bear, common carp, crow, mouse, ox, pig, python, skink, tortoise
Optic atrophy	Common carp, elephant, goat and sheep, mouse, python, raven
Night blindness	Bat, common carp, mouse, pig, raven
Glaucoma and cataract	Black carp, elephant
Eye injury	Chicken, goat and sheep
Ears
Suppurative otitis media	Dog, mouse
Deafness	Crucian carp
Nose
Rhinitis	Dog
Nasal sinusitis	Bear
Rhinorrhea	Bear
Nasal polyp	Dog
Mouth
Tonsillitis	Black carp, ox gallstones, shark
Gingivitis	Python
Gingival atrophy	Python
Dental caries	Python
Halitosis	Elephant
Throat
Laryngitis	Bear, black carp, common, grass carp, pig, murrel
Pharyngitis	Shark, soft-shelled turtle
Infantile hoarseness and aphonia	Chinese forest frog
Respiratory system
Bronchitis	Ox gallstones, toad
Pneumonia	Ox gallstones
Cough	Ox gallstones, pig
High fever in children
Infantile convulsions	Bear, ox (bile), ox gallstones, tiger
High fever in children	Human, ox gallstones, pig, python
Cardiovascular system
Apoplexy	Ox gallstones
Angina pectoris	Bear
Neuropsychiatric disorders
Epilepsy	Fox, Ox gallstones, wild boar
Coma	Ox gallstones, fox
Gynecological disorders
Irregular or scanty menstruation	Otter
Amenorrhea or amenia Menostasis	Otter
Chancre	Mouse
Endocrine system
Diabetes mellitus	Crucian carp, pig
Urinary system
Diuresis	Chicken
Cystitis	Chicken
Hematuria	Bear
Strangury	Bear, chicken