Ulcerative colitis as a polymicrobial infection characterized by sustained broken mucus barrier

Table 2 Probiotics have undergone investigation for their capacity to reduce the severity of ulcerative colitis

Probiotics	Method	Conclusion
B. infantis 35624[87]	Oral administration of B. infantis 35624 for 6-8 wk is taken by patients with ulcerative colitis	This microbe can reduce systemic pro-inflammatory biomarkers in UC
L. reuteri ATCC 55730[88]	Mild to moderate UC were received an enema solution containing 10 (10) CFU of L. reuteri ATCC 55730 for 8 wk, in addition to oral mesalazine	In children with active distal ulcerative colitis, rectal infusion of L. reuteri is effective in improving mucosal inflammation and changing mucosal expression levels of some cytokines involved in the mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease
B. breve strain[89]	Mild to moderate UC ingested 1 g of the probiotic powder [10 (9) CFU/g] three times a day, and 5.5 g of GOS once a day for one year	Administration of live B. breve strain Yakult and GOS can improve the clinical condition of patients with UC
L. delbruekii and L. fermentum[90]	Mild to moderate UC were treated with sulfasalazine 2400 mg/d with a probiotic preparation (which contained powder with 10 (9) CFU of L. delbruekii and L. fermentum, for eight consecutive weeks	Oral supplementation with probiotics could be helpful in maintaining remission and preventing relapse of UC
L. casei DG[91]	Mild left-sided UC were received oral 5-ASA and rectal L. casei DG	Manipulation of mucosal microbiota by L. casei DG and its effects on the mucosal immune system seem to be required to mediate the beneficial activities of probiotics in UC patients
EcN[92]	Moderate distal UC were randomly assigned to treatment with either 40, 20, or 10 mL enemas (n = 24, 23, 23) containing 10 (8) EcN/mL (n = 20). The study medication was taken once daily for 2, 4, 8 wk	EcN is a well tolerated treatment alternative in moderate distal UC
B. longum[93]	The probiotic group ingested one daily capsule consisting of B. longum 2 × 10 (9) CFU	Patients with UC on probiotic therapy experienced greater quality-of-life changes than before

B. Infantis: Bifidobacterium infantis; L. Reuteri: Lactobacillus reuteri; B. Breve: Bifidobacterium breve; L. Delbruekii: Lactobacillus delbruekii; L. Fermentum: Lactobacillus fermentum; L. Casei: Lactobacillus casei; EcN: E. coli Nissle; B. Longum: Bifidobacterium longum; CFU: Colony-forming units; GOS: Galacto-oligosaccharide; 5-ASA: 5-aminosalicylic acid; UC: Ulcerative colitis.