Impairment of innate immune responses in cirrhotic patients and treatment by branched-chain amino acids

Table 2 Impairment of adaptive immune responses in cirrhotic patients

Down regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II on monocyte/macrophages

Impairment of maturation and function of myeloid dendritic cells

Inhibition of T cell proliferation and T cell-mediated cytokine production

Inhibition of T-cell co stimulatory pathways

Impairment of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production of CD4+ and CD8+ cells

Increased fraction of CD4+ CD25+ cells

Increase in circulating anti-inflammatory cytokines