Irritable bowel syndrome: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and evidence-based medicine

Table 2 Emerging therapies for irritable bowel syndrome

Agent	Mechanism of action	Targeted disorder	Clinical status
Peripheral acting agents
Crofelemer	CFTR inhibitor	IBS-D	Phase 2b complete
Linaclotide (MD-1100)	Guanylatecyclase-c agonist	IBS-C	Approved by US FDA in 2012, 30th August
Arverapamil (AGI-003)	Calcium channel blocker	IBS-D	Phase 3
Verapamil	Kappa opioid agonist	IBS	Phase 2b complete
Mitemcinal	Motilin receptor agonist	IBS-C	Phase 2
Peripheral and central acting agents
Ramosetron	5-HT 3 antagonist	IBS-D	Phase 3
TD-5108	5-HT 4 agonist	IBS-C	Phase 2
DDP-773	5-HT 3 agonist	IBS-C	Phase 2
BMS-562086	Corticotropin-releasing hormone antagonist	IBS-D	Phase 2
GW876008	(319) Corticotropin-releasing hormone antagonist	IBS	Phase 2
DDP-225	5-HT 3 antagonist and NE reuptake inhibition	IBS-D	Phase 2
GTP-010	Glucagon-like peptide	IBS pain	Phase 2
AGN-203818	Alpha receptor agonist	IBS pain	Phase 2
Solabegron	Beta-3 receptor agonist	IBS	Phase 2
Espindolol (AGI-011)	Beta receptor antagonist	IBS (all subtypes)	Phase 2
Dextofisopam	2,3 benzodiazepine receptors	IBS-D and IBS-M	Phase 3

IBS-C: Irritable bowel syndrome with constipation; IBS-D: Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea; IBS-M: Mixed irritable bowel syndrome; CFTR: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator; US FDA: United States Food and Drug Administration.