Helicobacter pylori infection: New pathogenetic and clinical aspects

Table 2 Putative pathomechanisms of Helicobacter pylori

Disease	Putative pathomechanisms
Pathogenetic role
Pancreatic cancer	Inflammatory cytokine ↑[61]
	Angiogenic factors ↑[61]
	Reactive oxygen species ↑[61]
	Somatostatin synthesis ↓[64,65]
	Secretin release ↑[64,65]
	Basal pancreatic bicarbonate output ↑[64,65]
	Bacterial overgrowth, production of N-nitroso compounds ↑[66]
	Absorption of antioxidants ↓[67]
Colorectal adenoma/ carcinoma	Direct damage[69]
	Inflammation ↑[69]
	Bacterial overgrowth, bacterial fermentation (ammonia)↑[69-71,74,75]
	NO release ↑[76]
	Hypergastrinemia[68,69]
Hepatobiliary disease	Ammonia ↑[90]
	Endotoxemia[90]
	Inflammation ↑[90]
	Hepatic fibrosis ↑[87]
	Hepatoma cell adhesion and invasion ↑[91]
Laryngeal cancer	Sensitivity to smoke and dust ↑[92]
	Cell proliferation ↑[92]
	Apoptosis ↓[92]
Lung cancer	Direct damage[97]
	Sensitivity to smoke and dust ↑[98]
	Inhalation of gastrin and urea[95]
	Hypergastrinemia[94]
	Activation of docking protein p130cas[95]
	Inflammation ↑[94]
Insulin resistance/ metabolic syndrome	Inflammation ↑[103,105]
	Vasoconstrictor factors ↑[103,105]
	Adiponectin ↓[104]
Atherogenesis	Inflammation ↑[108]
	Autoimmunity[108]
	Fibrinogen ↑[112]
	Platelet aggregation ↑[114]
Chronic urticaria	Vascular permeability ↑[83]
	Complement consumption ↑[83]
	Pathogenetic antibodies ↑[83]
Henoch-Schönlein purpura	IgA ↑[82]
	Cryoglobulins ↑[82]
	C3 ↓[82]
Possible preventive role
Gastroesophageal reflux disease	Sympathetic tone ↑[128]
	Cholinergic stimulation[128]
Esophageal adenocarcinoma	Sympathetic tone ↑[128]
	Cholinergic stimulation[128]
	Acid production ↓[129]
Bronchial asthma	Polarization of Th-1 ↓[131]
	Allergic Th-2 response ↓[131]
	Tregs ↓[132,133]
	Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase M (IRAK-M) ↑[133]

↑: Increase; ↓: Decrease.