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Copyright ©2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Gastroenterol. May 21, 2014; 20(19): 5737-5745
Published online May 21, 2014. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i19.5737
Table 2 Risk of venous thromboembolism in chronic liver disease patients: major studies
Ref.TypenControlVTE% (n) DVT/PERR/OR (95%CI)Comments
Northup et al[6], 2006Case control21000 cirrhotics113 (cirrhotic patients without VTE)0.5 (113) (74 DVT, 22 PE, 17 both)Risk factor for VTE: low albumin 0.25 (0.10-0.56)INR, MELD: no correlation
García-Fuster et al[31], 2008Retrospective2074 cirrhotic patients0.8 (17) (11 DVT, 7 PE, 1 both)5 patients had antiphospholipid antibodies
Gulley et al[5], 2008Case control963 cirrhoticsControl 1:12405 non cirrhotic patients without selected co-morbidities Control 2: non cirrhotic patients with CKD (1692), HF (4489), or solid organ cancer-6731.87 (18)Risk factor for VTE: Albumin 0.47 (0.23-0.93) PTT: 0.88 (0.84-0.94)Cirrhosis not a risk factor on multivariate analysis OR 0.87 (0.2-2.6)
Dabbagh et al[32], 2010Retrospective cohort190 chronic liver disease patients stratified by INR quartiles6.3 (12)Higher INR or higher Child-Pugh stage does not prevent VTE
Lesmana et al[33], 2010Case control256 cirrhotic patients4.7 (12)Risk factor for VTE: Diabetes 4.26 (1.21-15.0)
Anthony Lizarraga et al[34], 2010Case control108 CLD patients with VTE (includes 22 patients with PVT)108 CLD patients without VTE0.73 (108 out of 14,790 admissions) Includes PVT as wellCases had lower albumin and hematocrit, higher platelet count, bilirubin and aPTT
Aldawood et al[9], 2011Retrospective cohort226 cirrhotic patients2.7 (6)Significantly longer median LOS in patients with VTE (43 vs 8 d, P = 0.004)
Walsh et al[11], 2013Case control27 CLD patients with VTE81 CLD patients without VTE0.65 (17 out of 2606 admissions) (14 DVT, 3 PE)Risk factor for VTE: low albumin 5.14 (1.05-25.2)VTE patients had lower transaminases, albumin and hematocrit
Søgaard et al[35], 2009Population based, case controlVTE = 99444Population controls without VTE 496872Cirrhosis: RR 1.74 (1.54-1.95)RR 2.06 (1.79–2.38) for unprovoked VTE
Wu et al[8], 2010Population based, case controlCompensated cirrhotics = 408253 Decompensated = 241626Non cirrhotic controls = 5750570.8% for cirrhotics,Age < 45 yrVTE associated with increased mortality and LOS in both compensated and decompensated cirrhotics
compensated: 1.23 (1.04-1.46)
decompensated: 1.39 (1.15-1.69)
Age > 45 yr
compensated: 0.90 (0.85-0.95)
decompensated: 0.97 (0.91-1.04)
Saleh et al[37], 2011Population basedAlcoholic CLD: 49270000.6% for alcoholicCLD
Non-alcoholic CLD: 45650000.9% for non-alcoholic CLD
Ali et al[10], 2011Population based cross-sectional449798 cirrhotic patients1.80%Greater morbidity, malnutrition, black race, central venous line associated with higher risk of VTEDVT associated with longer LOS
(1% DVT, 0.9% PE)