Expression of Bmi-1 and PAI-1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract

AIM: To determine the correlation between invasiveness, migration and prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and expression of the B-cell-specific Moloney leukemia virus insert site 1 (Bmi-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1).

METHODS: Eighty previously untreated patients who underwent surgical excision of ESCC were included. The expression of Bmi-1 and PAI-1 was examined immunohistochemically in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary tissue specimens. The relationships between the expression of Bmi-1 and PAI-1, the clinicopathologic features of ESCC, and the survival rate of ESCC patients were also discussed. The correlation between Bmi-1 and PAI-1 protein expression in ESCC was analyzed. The relationship between Bmi-1 and PAI-1 expression and ESCC prognosis was evaluated using a Cox regression model and Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis.

RESULTS: The rates of positive Bmi-1 and PAI-1 expression in ESCC were higher than those in normal esophageal tissue (P < 0.05). The expression of Bmi-1 and PAI-1 was correlated with depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05), but not with patient age, tumor size or nationality (P > 0.05). The expression of Bmi-1 was positively correlated with that of PAI-1 (P < 0.05). The 10-year overall survival rate for all patients was 20% (16/80). Univariate Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with high expression of esophageal PAI-1 and Bmi-1 had lower survival, however, the difference was not statistically significant. Cox multivariate analysis showed that PAI-1 and Bmi-1 were not independent factors for survival rate, while the depth of tumor invasion and metastasis were independent factors affecting patient survival.

CONCLUSION: The expression of Bmi-1 and PAI-1 plays a role in ESCC progression, and may be used as a prognostic marker in ESCC.

Key Words: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, B-cell-specific moloney leukemia virus insert site 1, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, Metastasis, Prognosis

Core tip: In this study, B-cell-specific Moloney leukemia virus insert site 1 (Bmi-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression, their correlation with clinicopathological features, and their prognostic significance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) were examined. The results showed that the Bmi-1 protein promoted malignant transformation, increased invasion and metastasis of cells. PAI-1 was not an independent prognostic factor. Although these new markers are important, the molecular mechanism of ESCC metastasis is far from being fully understood and represents a new prerequisite for developing better treatment strategies.

INTRODUCTION

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common malignant digestive system tumor worldwide. There are approximately 240000 new cases of esophageal cancer in China each year. According to statistics, the 5-year survival rate for ESCC patients ranges from 3.5% to 13.9%. Mortality due to esophageal cancer is 13.05/100000 in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, while in Kazakh it is 68.88/100000. ESCC is a serious threat to human health[1]. The Bmi-1 gene was discovered in 1999. It produced a synergistic effect with the c-myc gene in mice with lymphoma and this synergy promoted the formation of tumor cells[2]. Since then, other researchers have detected excessive Bmi-1 gene expression in a variety of human cancers, such as head and neck cancer[3] and breast cancer[4], and Bmi-1 gene expression was also found to be associated with the development of tumors[5,6]. In the present study, the expression levels of B-cell-specific Moloney leukemia virus insert site 1 (Bmi-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in 80 cases of ESCC were determined to explore their influence on the prognosis of patients with ESCC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study population and materials

The study was conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and 80 ESCC tissue specimens were collected from patients between 1997 and 2004. All specimens were obtained following surgical resection and were proved by pathologists. Of the 80 patients enrolled, 40 were of Kazakh nationality and 40 were of Han nationality, and 57 were male and 23 were female with an average age of 60 years. None of the patients had received preoperative radiotherapy or chemotherapy. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) standard pathology classification, 46 cases showed moderate to high differentiation and 34 cases showed low differentiation. Fifty-three patients had no lymph node metastasis and 27 had lymph node metastasis. Normal esophageal tissue was obtained from 20 individuals who served as controls. Specimens were fixed in 40 g/L formaldehyde, embedded in conventional paraffin, and slices 4 mm thick were cut. Mouse monoclonal antibody for Bmi-1 was obtained from ABCAM, United States, and the SP immunohistochemical kit, antibody diluent, and the DAB chromogenic reagent kit were purchased from Beijing Fir Company, China.

Study design

Immunohistochemical EnVision two footwork method was used to determine the protein expression of Bmi-1 and PAI-1 in each group. The procedure was as follows: paraffin sections were dewaxed step by step, hydrated in water, incubated with 30 mL/L H₂O₂ for 20 min at room temperature (inactivated endogenous peroxidase), and rinsed with PBS. The slices were placed in citrate buffer salt at pH 6.0 and heated for 20 min in a microwave (temperature controlled at 95 °C-100 °C) for antigen retrieval. The slices were then cooled to room temperature and rinsed with PBS. The antibody was then added and placed in the refrigerator at 4 °C overnight. The slices were washed using the same method, DAB chromogenic reagent was added and the slices were placed in a wet box. Termination of the chromogenic reaction was achieved with tap water. Slices were modified by prolonging the hematoxylin staining time and adding a step of differentiation in hydrochloric acid-alcohol differentiation. Slices was then dehydrated and mounted.

Interpretation of the results

Bmi-1 expression in the endonuclear area was seen as tan or brown granular particles, and was also visible in the cytoplasm. PAI-1 expression was seen as tan or brown granular particles within the cytoplasm. Expression in normal esophageal mucosa cells was used as a positive control. Slices of normal esophagus were randomly examined in five fields of view at 400 × magnification, and a negative result was regarded if there were < 5% of positive cells and a positive result if there were > 5% of positive cells.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17.0 software for χ² test, Kaplan-Meier, survival analysis, and the Cox regression model. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Expression of Bmi-1 and PAI-1 in ESCC and normal esophageal tissue

The rates of expression of Bmi-1 in esophageal cancer tissue and normal mucosa were 78.7% and 5.0%, respectively. The rates of expression of PAI-1 in esophageal cancer tissue and normal mucosa were 75% and 45%, respectively. The differences in PAI-1 and Bmi-1 expression were statistically significant between normal esophageal mucosa and esophageal cancer tissue (P < 0.05 for both) (Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1 B-cell-specific moloney leukemia virus insert site 1 protein expression in esophageal cancer and normal esophageal tissues.

Pathological characteristic	Total cases	Bmi-1			χ2	Pvalue
		Positive	Negative	Positive rate (%)
Cancerous tissue	80	63	17	78.7	37.77	0.01
Normal tissue	20	1	19	5.0

Bmi-1: B-cell-specific moloney leukemia virus insert site 1.

Table 2 Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 protein expression in esophageal cancer and normal esophageal tissues.

Pathological characteristic	Total cases	PAI-1			χ2	Pvalue
		Positive	Negative	Positive rate (%)
Cancerous tissue	80	61	19	75.0	28.69	0.01
Normal tissue	20	2	18	10.0

PAI-1: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.

Relationship between Bmi-1 expression and clinical pathological parameters

Bmi-1 protein expression in patients with lymph node metastasis was lower than that in patients without lymph node metastasis, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Bmi-1 expression gradually increased with increased depth of infiltration in the muscularis and serosa layer (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in expression due to different tumor sizes (P > 0.05). The difference in Bmi-1 expression was not statistically significant between the Han and Kazakh subjects (P > 0.05) (Table 3).

Table 3 Correlation between B-cell-specific moloney leukemia virus insert site 1 expression and clinicopathological data.

Characteristic	Total cases	Positive cases	Positive rate (%)	χ2	Pvalue
Differentiation degree
Moderate to high	46	38	82.6	0.963	0.411
Poor	34	25	73.5
Lymphatic metastasis
Yes	27	17	63.0	6.07	0.024
No	53	46	86.6
Sex
Male	57	47	73.5	1.627	0.234
Female	23	16	82.6
Age (yr)
< 60	34	25	87.5	0.963	0.414
≥ 60	46	38	70.0
Nationality
Han	40	35	78.8	3.66	0.099
Kazakh	40	28	78.7
Tumor size (cm)
≤ 3	33	26	92.3	0	0.613
> 3	47	37	72.2
Depth of infiltration
Muscular layer	26	24	92.3	4.231	0.0451
Tunica externa	54	39	72.2
Pathological type
Ulcerative	37	27	73.0	0.885	0.829
Fungating	11	10	90.9
Medullary	26	21	80.7
Constrictive	6	5	83.3

Relationship between PAI-1 expression and clinical pathological parameters

PAI-1 protein expression in patients with lymph node metastasis was lower than that in patients without lymph node metastasis, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). PAI-1 expression gradually increased with increased depth of infiltration in the muscularis and serosa layer (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in expression due to different tumor sizes (P > 0.05) (Table 4).

Table 4 Correlation between plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression and clinicopathological data.

Characteristic	Total cases	Positive cases	Positive rate (%)	χ2	P value
Differentiation degree
Moderate to high	46	39	84.8	4.351	0.061
Poor	34	22	64.7
Lymphatic metastasis
Yes	27	16	59.3	6.497	0.024
No	53	45	84.9
Sex
Male	57	44	77.2	0.097	0.777
Female	23	17	73.9
Age (yr)
< 60	34	29	85.3	2.671	0.119
≥ 60	46	32	69.6
Nationality
Han	40	30	75.0	0.069	1.000
Kazakh	40	31	77.5
Tumor size (cm)
≤ 3	33	25	75.8	0.008	1.000
> 3	47	36	76.6
Depth of infiltration
Muscular layer	26	14	53.8	10.676	0.022
Tunica externa	54	47	87.0
Pathological type
Ulcerative	37	27	73.0	0.580	0.901
Fungating	11	9	81.8
Medullary	26	20	76.9
Constrictive	6	5	76.0

Prognosis

This study included 80 patients with ESCC, 16 patients survived, the median survival time was 60 mo, and the 10-year survival rate was 20% (16/80). Bmi-1 expression in the univariate Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that both the average survival time and median survival time in patients with positive expression of Bmi-1 were less than those in patients with negative expression. The difference, however, was not statistically significant (Figure 1A). PAI-1 expression in the univariate Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that both the average survival time and median survival time in patients with positive expression of PAI-1 were less than those in patients with negative expression. The difference, however, was not statistically significant (Figure 1B).

Figure 1 Kaplan-Meier survival curves of Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients with different expression levels of B-cell-specific moloney leukemia virus insert site 1 (A) or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (B). PAI-1: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; Bmi-1: B-cell-specific moloney leukemia virus insert site 1; ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

DISCUSSION

It is well known that ESCC, a common malignant disease, is prone to invade adjacent regions and to metastasize to lymph nodes and distant organs. To develop novel treatments and cures, it is imperative to address the factors underlying tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized Bmi-1 as an important player in ESCC progression. We determined the expression of Bmi-1, demonstrated the association between Bmi-1 expression and clinicopathologic parameters and evaluated the role of Bmi-1 in ESCC prognosis. Differential expression of Bmi-1 was detected in ESCC patients with and without lymph node metastasis, and in primary cancer tissues and matched adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Bmi-1 expression was significantly up-regulated in ESCC tissues compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissues.

It has been reported that high Bmi-1 gene expression is closely related to the occurrence, development, invasion, infiltration, metastasis and prognosis of colorectal[5] and breast cancers[6]. A number of studies have also shown that the Bmi-1 gene is important in the cell-cycle regulation system. Tumor cell invasion is regulated by various factors which can stimulate or promote cell motility, destruction of the matrix, angiogenesis and other biological events at the molecular level. In laryngeal neoplasms[7,8], Bmi-1 over-expression can promote transformation of epithelial-ectomesenchymal tissue, while lower Bmi-1 expression can inhibit transformation of epithelium-ectomesenchymal tissue and metastasis of tumor cells. Abd El hafez et al[9] reported the immunohistochemical expression of Bmi-1 protein in epithelial ovarian cancer tissue specimens and its relevance to clinicopathologic prognostic variables and patient survival. High Bmi-1 expression was strongly associated with advanced stages and carcinomas with serous histology. Bmi-1 expression displayed a significant inverse association with patient overall and mean survival. It has been reported that Bmi-1 plays a very important role in the invasion and metastasis of neoplasms, especially as a proto-oncogene. He et al[10] showed that the expression level of Bmi-1 mRNA was significantly positively correlated with histological grade, clinical grade and lymph node metastasis in ESCC using polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry, however, protein levels of Bmi-1 were not associated with the above-mentioned factors.

We found that positive expression of Bmi-1 increased with the depth of cancer invasion; Bmi-1 expression in ESCC patients with lymph node metastasis was higher than that in patients without lymph node metastasis, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). This showed that Bmi-1 protein promoted malignant transformation of cancer cells and increased invasion and metastasis of cells. However, Bmi-1 protein was not related to the degree of esophageal tissue differentiation, age, sex, nationality, or pathological type. Survival analyses (Kaplan-Meier) indicated that patients with high expression of Bmi-1 had a lower 10-year survival rate than patients with negative expression. The difference, however, was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The analysis showed that Bmi-1 was not an independent prognostic factor, which was confirmed by further multivariate Cox regression analysis. Metastatic relapse remains a major challenge in the management of ESCC. Many factors are involved in tumor progression, including changes in cell adhesion, cell communication, increased migration or motility and invasiveness. In this study, Bmi-1 was shown to contribute to each of these events. The result was in accordance with a previous observation that Bmi-1 alone did not influence prognosis.

Qian et al[11] recently demonstrated that plasma PAI-l concentration was associated with pathologic stage in pancreatic cancer patients. PAI-l concentration was greater in stage IV than in stage III, and PAI-l accelerated degradation of the extracellular matrix. PAI-l concentration was found to be high during progression in late stage pancreatic cancer. Jiang et al[12] found that the expression of PAI-l protein in pancreatic cancer tissue was significantly higher than that in normal pancreatic tissue using immunohistochemistry, which was closely related to clinical TNM stage and lymph node metastasis in pancreatic cancer. However, the findings were not affected by gender, age, location, size and histopathological grade. Tumor cells produce cytokines and other substances to promote tumor angiogenesis, stroma infiltration, microenvironmental changes, and tumor cell detachment from mucous membrane, resulting in tumor invasion and metastasis along lymphatic and blood vessels and the transfer of tumor cells to surrounding tissue and distant organs.

In this study, PAI-l protein expression was shown to be related to lymph node metastasis and depth of infiltration in ESCC, however, there was no obvious relationship with age, nationality, degree of differentiation, pathological classification, or sex. From the histology results, it was shown that PAI-l protein expression plays an important role in the development of tumors, and is closely related to tumor invasion and metastasis. However, patient nationality had no effect on PAI-1 expression.

To the best of our knowledge, there are few studies on the relationship between Bmi-1 expression and the prognosis of tumors. It was found that up-regulated expression of Bmi-1 was the main factor in the poor prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma[13]. High expression of Bmi-1 protein was related to the degree of tumor differentiation[14,15] and clinical stage in ovarian cancer tissue[16,17]. Therefore, over-expression of Bmi-1 protein may be involved in ovarian cancer occurrence and development. Zhan et al[18] found that Bmi-1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer is higher than that in normal lung tissue, which suggests that Bmi-1 may be related to the development and prognosis of lung cancer. Chen et al[19] pointed out that Bmi-1 expression in gastric cancer tissue was higher than that in adjacent tissues, Bmi-1 expression was correlated with tumor size and lymph node metastasis, and patients with positive expression had a lower survival rate than patients with negative expression. Despite more evidence to show that poor prognosis is related to Bmi-1 expression, other studies have not shown the same results. It was found that only 25% of breast cancer patients in Africa had Bmi-1 protein expression. Another relevant study demonstrated that the mRNA expression level of Bmi-1 significantly increased in patients without lymph node metastasis in the early stages of the disease, and Bmi-1 up-regulation was associated with the occurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and a low survival rate. It was recently proved that increased Bmi-1 protein expression was associated with survival in patients treated with etoposide or platinum-containing agents. Bmi-1 gene expression was closely associated with poor prognosis and treatment failure in patients with malignant tumors, such as acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and lymphoma. Farivar et al[20] found that increased expression of Bmi-1 in pediatric brain tumors may be important in the acquisition of an aggressive phenotype. Bmi-1 can be used as a strong and independent molecular marker of prognosis in pediatric brain tumors. Abd El hafez et al[9] proved that patients with epithelial ovarian cancer and expression of Bmi-1 had a significantly lower 5-year survival rate than patients with negative Bmi-1 expression. Bmi-1 expression is an independent prognostic factor in gastric cancer, and up-regulation of Bmi-1 is a sign of poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer.

The results of this study showed that the 5-year survival rate in patients with positive Bmi-1 expression was lower compared to patients with negative Bmi-1 expression, according to the results of the Kaplan Meier survival analysis, however, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). These results may be due to a small number of samples, and further investigations are needed using a larger patient cohort to extend our findings.

Recent reports indicate the possible role of PAI-1 in different carcinomas. Allott et al[21] reported that infiltration and invasion were greater in patients with esophageal tumors and positive PAI-1 expression, resulting in decreased 10-year overall survival. Fang et al[22] suggested that PAI-1 exerts a protective effect against apoptosis in tumor cells by a mechanism that, in part, involves Fas/Fas-L-mediated apoptosis and plasmin activation, and that both tumor- and host-derived PAI-1 play a role in tumor progression. A number of studies have also shown that PAI-1 mediated effects are not restricted to tumor cells of bladder origin[23-26]. Collectively, these data show that targeting PAI-1 may be beneficial and support the notion that novel drugs such as tiplaxtinin[27] could be investigated as anticancer agents.

In the present study, the 5-year survival rate was lower in patients with positive PAI-1 expression compared to patients with negative PAI-1 expression, according to survival analyses (Kaplan-Meier). The difference, however, was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

In conclusion, the findings of the present study demonstrated that PAI-1 is not an independent prognosis factor and PAI-1 is related to the depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis following identification of prognostic factors using multivariate Cox regression analysis. Patients with ECSS who had higher PAI-1 expression showed progression, suggesting that PAI-1 is a novel molecular marker that predicts progression and prognosis. These data also support PAI-1 as a therapeutic target in cancer and preclinical studies should be performed to test PAI-1 inhibitors in cancer therapy. Further studies will be needed to determine whether PAI-1 is a novel therapeutic target for ESCC.

COMMENTS

Background

Worldwide, the majority of esophageal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors. Over the past few years, the incidence of ESCC has increased, and its mortality rate ranked the sixth in cancer-related deaths.

Research frontiers

Over the past few years, several studies have confirmed that B-cell-specific Moloney leukemia virus insert site 1 (Bmi-1) is over-expressed in all tumor cells and tissues in lung cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, oral carcinoma, cutaneous carcinoma, and gastric cancer. It has been reported that high Bmi-1 gene expression is closely related to the occurrence, development, invasion, infiltration, metastasis and prognosis of colorectal and breast cancers. A number of studies have also shown that the Bmi-1 gene is important in the cell-cycle regulation system. It has been reported that positive plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) protein expression in pancreatic cancer tissue is significantly higher than that in normal pancreatic tissue using immunohistochemistry, which is closely related to clinical TNM stage and lymph node metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Previous studies demonstrated that Bmi-1 and PAI-1 are over-expressed in tumor cells and cancer tissues. More recent reports, however, suggest that PAI-1 may regulate tumor cell apoptosis and has a protumorigenic function. Whether Bmi-1 and PAI-1 influence cell senescence and metastasis of human ESCC is unknown.

Innovations and breakthroughs

Currently, there are few studies on the relationship between the expression of Bmi-1 and prognosis of ESCC. The role of Bmi-1 and PAI-l expression in ESCC remains unclear. This study determined the correlation between invasiveness, migration and prognosis and both Bmi-1 and PAI-1 expression in ESCC. It is suggested that the expression of Bmi-1 and PAI-1 play a role in ESCC progression. The expression of Bmi-1 and PAI-1 may be used as a prognostic marker in ESCC. The findings of the present study demonstrated that PAI-1 and Bmi-1 are not independent factors for survival, while the depth of tumor invasion and metastasis are independent factors affecting survival.

Applications

These new markers and methods are important, and provide a platform for the development of better treatment strategies. This research provides additional support for the notion that Bmi-1 and PAI-1 inhibitors should be developed as new agents for ESCC.

Terminology

Bmi-1, a member of the polycomb group, functions as a transcriptional repressor and has high expression in many tumors, indicating a poor prognosis. Several lines of evidence suggest that Bmi-1 blocks cell senescence and proliferation, and the Bmi-1 gene is also associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. PAI-1, a member of the serine protease inhibitors superfamily, which is expressed by endothelial cells, epithelial cells, monocytes and macrophages, is the principal inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator and urokinase-type plasminogen activator and thus inhibits fibrinolysis.

Peer review

In this manuscript, the authors examined the expression of Bmi-1 and PAI-1. The results may represent a molecular mechanism of esophageal cancer. It is a well written paper with important clinical implications. Overall, this topic is very interesting.