Venous thrombosis and prothrombotic factors in inflammatory bowel disease

Table 2 Prothrombotic risk factors and abnormalities associated with inflammatory bowel disease

Acquired prothrombotic risk factors

Infection or inflammation, previous thromboembolism, age, smoking, malignancy, central venous catheter, surgery, trauma, immobilization, Pregnancy, drugs (oral contraceptives, steroids), antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, hyperhomocysteinemia, fluid depletion

Genetic prothrombotic risk factors

Factor V Leiden, prothrombin mutation, deficiency of protein C, deficiency of protein S, deficiency of antithrombin, PAI-1 mutation, factor XII mutation and MTHFR mutation

Abnormalities of coagulation

↑ TF, factors VII, FXII, FXI, FX and FV, prothrombin and fibrinogen

↓ AT, protein C, protein S, EPCR, TM and TFPI

↑ Prothrombin fragment 1+2, TAT complexes, fibrinopeptide A and fibrinopeptide B

↓ Factor XIII

Abnormalities of fibrinolysis

↓ t-PA

↑ PAI-1 and TAFI

↑ D-dimer

Abnormalities of platelets

↑ Number, activation (CD40L and P-selectin) and aggregation

Abnormalities of endothelium

↓ NO

↑ vWF

PAI-1: Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; MTHFR: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; TF: Tissue factor; AT: Antithrombin; EPCR: Endothelial cell protein C receptor; TM: Thrombomodulin; TFPI: Tissue factor-pathway inhibitor; TAT: Thrombin-antithrombin; t-PA: Tissue plasminogen activator; TAFI: Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor; CD40L: CD40 ligand; vWF: von Willebrand factor.