Abnormal splenic artery diameter/hepatic artery diameter ratio in cirrhosis-induced portal hypertension

Abstract

AIM: To determine an optimal cutoff value for abnormal splenic artery diameter/proper hepatic artery diameter (S/P) ratio in cirrhosis-induced portal hypertension.

METHODS: Patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension (n = 770) and healthy volunteers (n = 31) underwent volumetric computed tomography three-dimensional vascular reconstruction to measure the internal diameters of the splenic artery and proper hepatic artery to calculate the S/P ratio. The cutoff value for abnormal S/P ratio was determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, and the prevalence of abnormal S/P ratio and associations between abnormal S/P ratio and major complications of portal hypertension were studied using logistic regression.

RESULTS: The receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the cutoff points for abnormal splenic artery internal diameter and S/P ratio were > 5.19 mm and > 1.40, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 74.2%, 45.2%, 97.1%, and 6.6%, respectively. The prevalence of an abnormal S/P ratio in the patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension was 83.4%. Patients with a higher S/P ratio had a lower risk of developing ascites [odds ratio (OR) = 0.708, 95%CI: 0.508-0.986, P = 0.041] and a higher risk of developing esophageal and gastric varices (OR = 1.483, 95%CI: 1.010-2.175, P = 0.044) and forming collateral circulation (OR = 1.518, 95%CI: 1.033-2.230, P = 0.034). After splenectomy, the portal venous pressure and maximum and mean portal venous flow velocities were reduced, while the flow rate and maximum and minimum flow velocities of the hepatic artery were increased (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of an abnormal S/P ratio is high in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, and it can be used as an important marker of splanchnic hemodynamic disturbances.

Key Words: Portal hypertension, Cirrhosis, Splenic artery internal diameter, Proper hepatic artery internal diameter, Complications, Splenectomy

INTRODUCTION

Splanchnic and systemic hemodynamic disorders are common in patients with cirrhosis[1,2]. The systemic hyperdynamic circulation manifests as increased cardiac output and heart rate, and decreased arterial blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance[3,4]. The splanchnic hemodynamic disorder mainly manifests as increased vascular resistance and comparative visceral ischemia, which are associated with hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, and portal hypertension[5]. Currently, portal hypertension has been found to be attributed to abnormally high portal venous inflow and high resistance in the portal system[6].

The splanchnic hemodynamic disorder in portal hypertension has been studied in a few studies, and some results support the significance of splenic and hepatic artery changes in portal hypertension. As early as in 1970, Yamauchi et al[7] observed an increase in the radius of the splenic artery in patients with portal hypertension, and such increase was not present in splenomegaly without portal hypertension. They found an association between the radius of the splenic artery and portal pressure and the degree of reduction in the portal pressure after splenectomy in patients with portal hypertension, and the dilatation of the splenic artery was accompanied by an increase in the diameter of the proper hepatic artery in those patients[7]. Subsequent studies confirmed the increases in the diameters of the splenic and hepatic arteries in patients with liver cirrhosis as compared with healthy controls[8,9], and further found that changes in the splenic artery occur prior to the onset of clinically evident portal hypertension[8].

Splenic and hepatic arterial blood flow distribution abnormalities are also very common in patients who have received liver transplantation. A study by Quintini et al[10] confirmed that hepatic artery hypoperfusion in liver transplant recipients can be induced by increased portal venous blood flow because over-perfusion of the portal vein cleared adenosine at the terminal end of the hepatic artery, resulting in hepatic artery contraction, i.e., “hepatic arterial buffer response”. Persistence of this response may cause further deterioration of splenic and hepatic arterial blood flow abnormalities, and result in a series of related complications known as splenic artery steal syndrome (SASS) or splenic artery syndrome that includes liver dysfunction, ischemic bile duct injury, and graft dysfunction or loss. Kirbas et al[11] performed multi-detector computed tomography (CT) in post-liver transplanted patients, and the authors proposed that a splenic artery diameter > 4 mm or a splenic artery diameter/hepatic artery diameter ratio > 1.5 indicates presence of SASS, thus establishing the importance of splenic artery diameter and the splenic artery diameter/hepatic artery diameter ratio in the clinical diagnosis of splenic and hepatic arterial blood flow distribution abnormalities.

Small-for-size syndrome (SFSS) is a common clinical complication that occurs after segmental liver transplantation[12,13]. Although the pathogenesis of the SFSS is still controversial, it is assumed that portal hypoperfusion with high intravascular shear stress is a causative factor[14-16]. In 2003, a group of researchers reported that portal flow should be modulated perioperatively in adult living-donor liver transplantation if a suboptimal graft-to-recipient body weight ratio is accompanied by high recipient portal inflow[17]. The authors found that splenic artery ligation could decrease recipient portal inflow, increase recipient hepatic arterial flow, and resolve refractory ascites, and neither SFSS nor vascular complications occurred in recipients undergoing splenic artery ligation[17]. Gruttadauria et al[18] obtained similar findings when they applied splenic artery embolization (SAE) for the treatment of SFSS after living-related donor liver transplantation. Their results showed that clinical conditions in patients with SFSS rapidly improved after SAE, and they thought that early SAE can protect the segmental graft against the harmful effects of the portal overflow[18]. Other animal and clinical studies of patients with liver cirrhosis and idiopathic portal hypertension showed that splenectomy can reduce portal venous blood flow and portal venous pressure, and increase hepatic arterial blood flow[19,20].

In this study, we examined whether splenic artery diameter and the splenic artery internal diameter/proper hepatic artery internal diameter (S/P) ratio are of clinical significance in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. We determined the optimal cutoff values for abnormal splenic artery diameter and S/P ratio, observed the prevalence of an abnormal S/P ratio, and studied the associations between the S/P ratio and major complications of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis. The preoperative and postoperative portal vein hemodynamic indexes were further compared in patients undergoing splenectomy to explore the significance of splenectomy in the treatment of portal hypertension and its complications.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Participants

A total of 1000 patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension who sought medical treatment at our hospital from January 2011 to May 2011 were recruited. All patients had a pathological diagnosis of liver cirrhosis. Clinical diagnosis of portal hypertension was made in the setting of end-stage liver disease, and in the presence of ascites and/or varices. Of the 1000 patients, 230 were excluded: 109 with hepatic artery variations, 66 with post-splenectomy, 51 with partial splenic artery embolization, and 4 with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunting. Thus, a total of 770 patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension were enrolled (554 males and 216 females), of whom 558 had biochemical examination results. Thirty-one healthy volunteers who participated in the donor screening for the living-related liver transplantation were also enrolled. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of our hospital, and all the participants provided written informed consent.

Laboratory tests

All the patients received routine blood, coagulation, and liver function tests in a fasting state. The routine blood tests were performed with an SYSMES-2100 automatic blood cell analyzer and reagents (SYSMES Co., Japan). Coagulation tests were performed with a CA-7000 automatic coagulation instrument and ancillary reagents (SYSMES Co., Japan). Liver function tests were performed with an AU5400 automatic biochemical analyzer and related reagents (Mishima Olympus Co., Japan).

Measurement of splenic and proper hepatic artery internal diameter

All the patients underwent abdominal enhanced computed tomography (CT) scanning with a General Electric (GE) Lightspeed VCT 64-slice scanner (GE, Milwaukee, WIS, United States). For scanning, the collimator width was 0.625 mm, the tube current was 380 mA, the tube voltage was 120 kV, the slice thickness was 5 mm, the slice interval was 5 mm, and the reconstruction slice thickness was 0.625 mm. A high-pressure syringe was used to inject 100 mL contrast agent iopromide (370 mg/mL) via the antecubital vein at a flow rate of 2.5-3.5 mL/s, and the scan phases were the arterial phase (20-25 s), venous phase (65-70 s), and delayed phase (180 s). The data were input into a GE ADW 4.3 image workstation, and multiplanar reconstruction, maximum intensity projection, and volume rendering post-processing were performed. The splenic and proper hepatic artery internal diameters were measured in the arterial phase. The internal diameter of the proper hepatic artery was measured within 1 cm from its origin. The internal diameter of the splenic artery was measured at 3 locations: within 1 cm from its origin, at the upper edge of the pancreas, and within 1 cm from the point where the splenic artery branches originate. The mean value was calculated and recorded as the internal diameter of the splenic artery. The S/P ratio was then calculated.

Measurement of hemodynamic indexes of portal vein and hepatic artery before and after splenectomy

The free portal venous pressure was measured by catheterization via the right gastroepiploic vein before and after splenectomy. Doppler ultrasound (Esaote, Italy) was used to measure the hemodynamic indexes of the portal vein and hepatic artery within 1 wk prior to splenectomy and within 2 wk after splenectomy. Indexes measured were the portal venous flow rate and the maximum and mean portal venous flow velocities, the flow rate and maximum and minimum flow velocities of the hepatic artery, and the resistance index (RI) of the hepatic artery.

Statistical analysis

Demographic characteristics were presented as number (%) for sex, causes of cirrhosis, and level of liver function, mean ± SD for age, and median [interquartile range (IQR): Q1-Q3] for the internal diameters of the splenic artery and proper hepatic artery and the S/P ratio because data were not normally distributed. Data of patients with cirrhosis and healthy controls were compared using Pearson χ² test for sex, two-sample t test for age, and Mann-Whitney U test for splenic artery diameter, proper hepatic artery diameter, and the S/P ratio, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis through binary logistic regression was carried out to identify the optimal cutoff values of abnormal internal diameter of the splenic artery and S/P ratio. The prevalence of an abnormal S/P ratio in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension was calculated based on the identified cutoff value. Associations between the S/P ratio and complications of cirrhosis and portal hypertension were analyzed using univariate logistic regression. The preoperative and postoperative portal vein hemodynamic indexes and routine blood test data of patients undergoing splenectomy were presented as mean ± SD or median (IQR: Q1-Q3) if data were not normally distributed. The preoperative and postoperative data were compared using paired t test or Wilcoxon sign-rank test if data were not normally distributed. All statistical assessments were two-tailed and the significance level α was set at 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17.0 statistics software (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, United States).

RESULTS

Demographic characteristics of participants

A total of 770 patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension (554 males and 216 females) and 31 healthy controls (16 males and 15 females) were enrolled. Their demographic characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The mean age of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension was 53.3 ± 11.3 years, and the mean age of healthy controls was 46.0 ± 12.0 years. Among the patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, 622 had cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, 61 had alcoholic cirrhosis, 39 had cirrhosis due to hepatitis C, 24 had autoimmune liver disease, 7 had drug-induced liver damage, 4 had Budd-Chiari syndrome, 4 had cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B and C, 3 had alcoholic cirrhosis with hepatitis B virus infection, 2 had idiopathic portal hypertension, 1 had hepatolenticular degeneration, 1 had cryptogenic cirrhosis, 1 had nonalcoholic fatty liver cirrhosis, and 1 had cirrhosis due to unknown cause.

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of participants n (%).

Variables	Patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension	Healthy controls	P value
	(n = 770)	(n = 31)
Sex			0.0251
Male	554 (71.9)	16 (51.6)
Female	216 (28.1)	15 (48.4)
Age (yr)	53.3 ± 11.3	46.0 ± 12.0	< 0.0011
Causes of cirrhosis			NA
Hepatitis B	622 (80.8)	-
Hepatitis C	39 (5.1)	-
Alcoholic cirrhosis	61 (7.9)	-
Autoimmune liver disease	24 (3.1)	-
Others	24 (3.1)	-
Level of liver function			NA
I	230 (29.9)	-
II	209 (27.1)	-
III	119 (15.5)	-
Undefined	212 (27.5)	-
Splenic artery internal diameter (mm)	5.35 (4.67-6.18)	4.60 (4.32-5.32)	0.0021
Proper hepatic artery internal diameter (mm)	3.63 (2.97-4.43)	3.72 (3.14-4.19)	0.830
S/P ratio	1.48 (1.19-1.82)	1.36 (1.13-1.48)	0.0121

¹Indicates significant difference between patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension and healthy controls. Data were presented as number (%) for sex, cause of cirrhosis, and level of liver function; mean ± SD for age; and median (interquartile range: Q1-Q3) for the internal diameters of the splenic artery and proper hepatic artery and the splenic artery internal diameter/proper hepatic artery internal diameter (S/P) ratio because data were not normally distributed. Data of patients with cirrhosis and healthy controls were compared using Pearson χ² for sex, two-sample t test for age, and Mann-Whitney U test for S/P ratio, respectively. NA: Not assessed.

Internal diameter of splenic artery and S/P ratio

Patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension had a higher internal diameter of the splenic artery and S/P ratio than healthy controls (both, P < 0.05). The median internal diameter of the splenic artery was 5.35 mm (IQR: 4.67-6.18 mm) in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension and 4.60 mm (IQR: 4.32-5.32 mm) in healthy controls. The median S/P ratio was 1.48 (IQR: 1.19-1.82) in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension and 1.36 (1.13-1.48) in healthy controls (Table 1). The internal diameter of the proper hepatic artery was not significantly different between patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension and healthy controls.

ROC curve analysis showed that the optimal cutoff values of abnormal internal diameter of the splenic artery and S/P ratio were > 5.19 mm and > 1.40, respectively (Figure 1). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 74.2%, 45.2%, 97.1%, and 6.6%, respectively. Using the cutoff value of 1.40, 640 patients (83.4%) with cirrhosis and portal hypertension had an abnormal S/P ratio, and 28 healthy controls (90.3%) had a normal S/P ratio.

Figure 1 Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for identifying the optimal cutoff values. A: Abnormal internal diameter of the splenic artery; B: Abnormal splenic artery internal diameter/proper hepatic artery internal diameter (S/P) ratio for patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Binary logistic regression showed that the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.667 (95%CI: 0.581-0.753) and 0.633 (95%CI: 0.572-0.694) for the internal diameter of the splenic artery and S/P ratio, respectively (both, P < 0.05). The optimal cutoff values were identified to be > 5.19 mm for abnormal internal diameter of the splenic artery and > 1.40 for abnormal S/P ratio.

Associations between S/P ratio and complications in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension

Results of univariate logistic regression are presented in Table 2. The results showed that patients with a higher S/P ratio had a lower risk of developing ascites [odds ratio (OR) = 0.708, 95%CI: 0.508-0.986, P = 0.041]. However, patients with a higher S/P ratio had a higher risk of developing esophageal and gastric varices (OR = 1.483, 95%CI: 1.010-2.175, P = 0.044) and forming collateral circulation (OR = 1.518, 95%CI: 1.033-2.230, P = 0.034).

Table 2 Univariate logistic regression analyses of associations between splenic artery internal diameter/proper hepatic artery internal diameter ratio and complications in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension n (%).

Complication	Total	Patients with normal S/P ratio	Patients with abnormal S/P ratio	OR (95%CI)	P value
	(n = 770)	(n = 130)	(n = 640)
Ascites
Yes	426 (55.7)	304 (53.5)	122 (61.9)	0.708 (0.508-0.986)	0.0411
No	339 (44.3)	264 (46.5)	75 (38.1)	Reference
Hepatic encephalopathy
Yes	77 (10.1)	58 (10.2)	19 (9.6)	1.065 (0.617-1.838)	0.820
No	688 (89.9)	510 (89.8)	178 (90.4)	Reference
Esophageal and gastric varices
Yes	209 (27.4)	166 (29.3)	43 (21.8)	1.483 (1.010-2.175)	0.0441
No	555 (72.6)	401 (70.7)	154 (78.2)	Reference
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Yes	111 (14.5)	90 (15.9)	21 (10.7)	1.581 (0.954-2.621)	0.076
No	653 (85.5)	477 (84.1)	176 (89.3)	Reference
Collateral circulation formation
Yes	611 (79.9)	464 (81.7)	147 (74.6)	1.518 (1.033-2.230)	0.0341
No	154 (20.1)	104 (18.3)	50 (25.4)	Reference

¹Indicates significant association. The incidences of ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, esophageal and gastric varices, Upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and collateral circulation formation were not available in 5, 5, 6, 6, and 5 patients, respectively. OR: Odds ratio.

Portal vein hemodynamic indexes and routine blood test results in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension before and after splenectomy

A total of 17 patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension underwent splenectomy. Table 3 presents the comparison of the preoperative and postoperative portal vein hemodynamic indexes in these patients. After splenectomy, the portal venous pressure and maximum and mean portal venous flow velocities were significantly reduced compared with the preoperative values (all, P < 0.05). The postoperative flow rate, maximum flow velocity, and minimum flow velocity of the hepatic artery were significantly higher than the preoperative values (all, P < 0.05). The RI of the hepatic artery was significantly reduced after splenectomy (P < 0.001).

Table 3 Comparisons of preoperative and postoperative portal vein hemodynamic indexes in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension who received splenectomy (n = 17).

Variables	Before splenectomy	After splenectomy	P value
Portal vein
Pressure (cm H2O)	39.19 ± 5.87	27.04 ± 3.03	< 0.0011
Flow rate (mL/min)	1005.50 (833.00-1811.25)	868.00 (539.50-1215.75)	0.116
Maximum flow velocity (cm/s)	23.85 (18.53-31.20)	15.85 (12.68-20.58)	0.0091
Mean flow velocity (cm/s)	20.85 (15.90-25.95)	12.25 (10.48-16.40)	0.0111
Hepatic artery
Flow rate (mL/min)	153.50 (128.75-188.77)	365.00 (190.00-511.00)	0.0481
Minimum flow velocity (cm/s)	16.25 ± 15.23	32.60 ± 15.23	0.0011
Resistance index	0.74 ± 0.05	0.64 ± 0.07	< 0.0011

¹Indicates significant difference between preoperative and postoperative values. Data were presented as mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range: Q1-Q3) if not normally distributed. Preoperative and postoperative data were compared using paired t-test or Wilcoxon sign-rank test if data were not normally distributed.

Table 4 presents the comparison of the results of the preoperative and postoperative routine blood tests in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension who underwent splenectomy. After splenectomy, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, white blood cell (WBC) count, and platelet count were significantly increased (all, P < 0.05), and creatinine levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05).

Table 4 Comparisons of preoperative and postoperative routine blood test results in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension who received splenectomy (n = 17).

Variable	Before splenectomy	After splenectomy	P value
ALT (U/L)	29.39 ± 16.86	36.47 ± 28.9	0.439
AST (U/L)	33 (21.9-45.4)	37 (26.65-48.45)	0.653
Total bilirubin (μmol/L)	16.8 (12.95-24.9)	21.4 (16.2-39.55)	0.0051
Direct bilirubin (μmol/L)	4.74 ± 2.13	7.56 ± 4.31	0.0031
Albumin (g/L)	37.67 ± 3.73	36.74 ± 3.28	0.439
Creatinine (μmol/L)	70.44 ± 22.28	58.69 ± 14.78	0.0361
WBC count (E + 09/L)	1.73 (1.26-2.24)	9.05 (6.43-12.84)	< 0.0011
RBC count (E + 12/L)	3.45 ± 0.73	3.42 ± 0.47	0.87
Platelet count (E + 09/L)	47.41 ± 24.48	307 ± 132.4	< 0.0011

¹Indicates significant difference between preoperative and postoperative values. Data were presented as mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range: Q1-Q3) if not normally distributed. Preoperative and postoperative data were compared using paired t test or Wilcoxon sign-rank test if data were not normally distributed. ALT: Alanine amino transferase; AST: Aspartate amino transferase; WBC: White blood cell; RBC: Red blood cell.

DISCUSSION

The results of this study showed that patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension had a significantly greater internal diameter of the splenic artery and higher S/P ratio than healthy controls, but not a significantly different internal diameter of the proper hepatic artery. The finding of an increased diameter of the splenic artery in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension is consistent with the findings of prior studies[7-9]. The results indicate that excessive perfusion of the splenic artery increases the return blood flow in the splenic vein, thereby increasing the blood flow in the portal venous system resulting in portal hypertension. However, an increase in the diameter of the hepatic artery was observed in patients with portal hypertension in some early studies[7-9], a finding not observed in our study. A possible reason for this discrepancy is that different imaging methods were used to measure the arterial internal diameter and current enhanced CT scanning is more accurate than the imaging methods used in earlier studies.

The optimal cutoff values for the abnormal internal diameter of the splenic artery and S/P ratio were identified to be > 5.19 mm and > 1.40, respectively, by the ROC curve analysis. When the abnormal S/P ratio > 1.40 was used, 83.4% of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension had an abnormal S/P ratio. The prevalence of an abnormal S/P ratio is very high in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, indicating that an abnormal S/P ratio can be used as a marker of splanchnic hemodynamic disturbances in these patients. Machálek et al[21] summarized measurements of the splenic artery internal diameter of 30 normal spleens, and found that splenic artery thickening was indicated by an internal diameter of the splenic artery greater than 5.6 ± 1.3 mm. In our study, we found that an internal diameter of the splenic artery greater than 5.19 mm is the best cutoff value to predict cirrhosis and portal hypertension, which is consistent with the finding of Machálek et al[21]. Kirbas et al[11] proposed that a splenic artery diameter > 4 mm or a splenic artery diameter/hepatic artery diameter ratio > 1.5 indicates presence of SASS after liver transplantation, which is similar to the S/P ratio cutoff point of 1.40 for patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension determined in our study. However, Kirbas et al[11] reported a much lower abnormal value for the internal diameter of the splenic artery than the value reported by Machálek et al[21] and our study, which may be due to the a different measurement method used by them.

Our results indicated associations between the S/P ratio and major complications in patients with portal hypertension. Patients with a higher S/P ratio had a lower risk of developing ascites (OR = 0.708, 95%CI: 0.508-0.986, P = 0.041) and a higher risk of developing esophageal and gastric varices (OR = 1.483, 95%CI: 1.010-2.175, P = 0.044) and forming collateral circulation (OR = 1.518, 95%CI: 1.033-2.230, P = 0.034). The results indicate that the S/P ratio has a great clinical significance for predicting major complications of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis.

Studies have also shown that splenectomy can reduce portal venous blood flow and portal venous pressure, increase hepatic arterial blood flow, and improve liver function, thereby decreasing major complications of portal hypertension[22,23]. Our study showed that splenectomy significantly reduced portal venous pressure and maximum and mean portal venous flow velocities, and increased the flow rate, maximum flow velocity, and minimum flow velocity of the hepatic artery. The study of SASS after liver transplantation by Mogl et al[24] found a significant elevation of the RI of the hepatic artery (0.79 ± 0.14) in patients with SASS, which was significantly reduced (0.65 ± 0.09) after splenic artery embolization. In our study, the preoperative and postoperative RIs of the hepatic artery were 0.74 ± 0.05 and 0.64 ± 0.07, respectively, which is consistent with the findings of Mogl et al[24], Our results also showed that postoperative WBC count and platelet levels were significantly increased compared with the preoperative values, indicating that these indexes can be restored to normal values. These results indicate that the major complications of cirrhosis and portal hypertension and splanchnic hemodynamic disturbances can be improved by splenectomy.

The hepatic-venous pressure gradient (HVPG) is the gold standard for the evaluation of the presence and severity of portal hypertension[25]. A limitation of this study is that portal hypertension was diagnosed using clinical criteria, but not based on HVPG results. In addition, the mean age of our healthy controls was younger than that of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. However, the diameter of the splenic artery was not significantly affected by age or gender in adults.

In conclusion, the prevalence of an abnormal S/P ratio is high in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, and it can be used as an important marker of splanchnic hemodynamic disturbances in these patients. The S/P ratio is closely related to major complications of portal hypertension including ascites, esophageal and gastric varices, and collateral circulation formation. Splenectomy is effective for decreasing portal venous pressure and delaying the progress of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank Dr. Mao J for her help in writing and editing this paper.

COMMENTS

Background

The splanchnic hemodynamic disorder in portal hypertension has been studied, and the significance of splenic and hepatic artery changes in portal hypertension has been noted. In patients who have received liver transplantation, the importance of the splenic artery diameter and the splenic artery diameter/hepatic artery diameter ratio in the clinical diagnosis of splenic and hepatic arterial blood flow distribution abnormalities has been established.

Research frontiers

Splenic and hepatic arterial blood flow abnormalities are common in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, but the clinical significance of the splenic artery diameter and splenic artery internal diameter/proper hepatic artery internal diameter (S/P) ratio in those patients has not been clearly elucidated.

Innovations and breakthroughs

For the first time, the authors determined the optimal cutoff values of abnormal internal diameter of the splenic artery and S/P ratio in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, which were > 5.19 mm and > 1.40, respectively. A high prevalence of an abnormal S/P ratio and close associations between the S/P ratio and the major complications of portal hypertension including ascites, esophageal and gastric varices, and collateral circulation formation were found in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension.

Applications

The study results suggest that an abnormal internal diameter of the splenic artery and S/P ratio are of clinical significance in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, and an abnormal S/P can be used as an important marker of splanchnic hemodynamic disturbances in these patients.

Terminology

In this study, the splenic and proper hepatic artery internal diameters refer to the values measured in the arterial phase of abdominal enhanced computed tomographic (CT) scanning. The internal diameter of the proper hepatic artery was measured within 1 cm from its origin. The internal diameter of the splenic artery was measured at 3 places: within 1 cm from its origin, at the upper edge of the pancreas, and within 1 cm from the point that the splenic artery branches originate. The mean value was calculated and recorded as the internal diameter of the splenic artery. The S/P ratio was then calculated.

Peer review

It is a nice study which sought and found correlations between splenic artery internal diameter/proper hepatic artery internal diameter ratio, calculated by a non-invasive tool (3D CT scan) and clinical complications of portal hypertension. The study is original and the manuscript is well written.