Current management of fecal incontinence: Choosing amongst treatment options to optimize outcomes

Table 1 Success of biofeedback for fecal incontinence

Ref.	Year	Patients (n)	Significant reduction in incontinence (percentage of patients)	Improvement in quality of life (percentage of patients)	Adjuncts to traditional biofeedback
Keck et al[33]	1994	15	73%	NR	None
Solomon et al[28]	2003	102	70%	69%	Anal manometry, transanal ultrasound
Terra et al[34]	2006	239	60%	NR	EMG, electrostimulation
Naimy et al[30]	2007	49	None	None	Electrostimulation
Byrne et al[32]	2007	385	70%	87%	None
Heymen et al[27]	2009	45	76%	NR	None
Schwandner et al[29]	2010	158	50%	NR	EMG, electrostimulation
Bartlett et al[26]	2011	72	86%	100%	None
Jodorkovsky et al[31]	2013	12	80%	NR	None

NR: Not reported; EMG: Electromyography.