Sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy: Current issues

Table 4 Main adverse events related to sedation occurring during endoscopy in clinical trials

Ref.	Drug regimen	Percentage of side effects	Severe hypotension (< 60 mmHg)	Severe desaturation (< 90%)
Ljubicić et al[98]	Propofol	17.3% (including bradycardia: 11.8%)		5.5%
Conigliaro et al[95]	Midazolam	0.47%
Gasparović et al[28]	Propofol	2.9%	0.5%	2.4%
Sharma et al[97]	Cardiopulmonary events	EGD: 0.6%; Colonoscopy: 1.1%;ERCP: 2.1%; EUS: 0.9%
Nayar et al[96]	Propofol deep sedation vs moderate sedation	0.6% vs 1.0%	0.1%	0.1% (apnoea: 0.3%)
Correia et al[69]	Midazolam plus propofol vs midazolam plus fentanyl	14% vs 7.3%
Amornyotin et al[87]	Diluted vs undiluted propofol for deep sedation	18.2% vs 42.9%	11.4% vs 31.0%	0 vs 2.4%
Wang et al[32]	Midazolam vs midazolam combined with either fentanyl or propofol		Midazolam combined with propofol resulted in hypotension and bradycardia more significantly than a combination with fentanyl or midazolam alone

EUS: Endoscopic Ultrasound; EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.