Sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy: Current issues

Table 1 Percentage of sedation use in different countries

Country	Sedation	Propofol use	Benzodia-zepines alone use	Benzodiaze-pines plus opioids use	No. of nurses present during endoscopy	Pulse oximetry use	Supplemental oxygen use
Canada	90%	12%		always	1
Italy		42.30% for ERCP (by anaesthesiologists)	50.80%	39.50%		100%	By 39.3% of endoscopists
Greece	EGD: 64%; Colonoscopy: 78%; ERCP: 100%; EUS: 100%	33.80% (in selected cases and only by anaesthesiologists)	35.30%	62.10%		96%
United States	98%	25.70%		74.30%		98.60%	By 72.7% of endoscopists (in all EGDs)
Switzerland	78%	43% (regular use with or without the help of an anaesthesiologist)	Midazolam for the majority of endoscopies		1	95%
Spain	EGD: 20%; Colonoscopy: 20%; ERCP: 100%; EGD: 74%	Only by anaesthesiologists	Only for EFD	Only for colonoscopies	1	77%
Germany	Colonoscopy: 87%	74%	82%	35%		97%	34%

ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; EFD: Energy flux density.