Actual concept of "probiotics": Is it more functional to science or business?

Table 4 Reference studies concerning the probiotic role of bacterial DNA

Ref.	Outcomes
Lammers et al[23]	Bacterial DNA from faeces collected after VSL-3 administration modulated a decrease of IL-1β and an increase of IL-10
Rachmilewitz et al[26]	Study in a mouse IBD model: protective effects of probiotics contained in VSL-3 are mediated by their DNA and TLR9 signaling mediates anti-inflammatory effect
Iliev et al[27]	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG DNA induces B-cell proliferation and activate DC
Ghadimi et al[28]	Bacterial DNA inhibited IL-4 and IL-5 secretion in different Lactobacilli
Ménard et al[30]	Study from 5 bifidobacterial strains: unmethylated CpG motifs are specific to bacterial DNA by activating TLR9

IL: Interleukin; IBD: Irritable bowel disease; TLR: Toll-like receptor.