What we should know about portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients: A changing perspective

Table 1 Risk factors most frequently involved in portal vein thrombosis. Development in cirrhotic patients, according to the Virchow triad, with the addition of vascular invasion

Circulatory stasis	Procoagulant status	Vascular injury	Vascular invasion
Cirrhosis	Inherited:	Trauma	Hepatocellular carcinoma
	Factor V Leiden mutation	Surgery (e.g., splenectomy colectomy, gastrectomy cholecystectomy	Cholangiocarcinoma
	Factor II (prothrombin) mutation	Liver transplantation
	Protein C deficiency	Invasive procedures (TIPS placement, fine needle aspiration, radiofrequency)
	Protein S deficiency antithrombin deficiency	Chemical irritation (alcoholization)
	Acquired:	Infections
	Myeloproliferative disorder antiphospholipid syndrome	Focal inflammatory lesions (e.g., diverticulitis, appendicitis, pancreatitis, duodenal ulcer, cholecystitis, tuberculous)
	Hyperhomocysteinemia
	Malignancy (any abdominal organ)
	Pregnancy/puerperium
	Oral contraceptives
	Sepsis

TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.