Diagnostic endoscopic ultrasonography: Assessment of safety and prevention of complications

Table 2 Possible risk factors for endoscopic ultrasonography-related gastrointestinal perforations (adapted from Jenssen, Mayr, Nuernberg and Faiss[40])

Risk factor	References
Operator inexperience	Das et al[27], Jenssen et al[31], Lachter[38]
Esophagus
Stenosing cancer of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction	Das et al[27], Mortensen et al[30], Rösch et al[28]
Dilatation of esophageal stricture prior to EUS	Das et al[27], Mortensen et al[30], Rösch et al[28]
Advanced patient age	Das et al[27]
Difficult previous endoscopic esophageal intubation	Das et al[27]
Large cervical osteophytes	Das et al[27]
Duodenum
Diverticula	Jenssen et al[31], Lachter[38]
Stenosis, pancreatic head tumor	Raut et al[34]
Longitudinal echoendoscope (long, rigid tip)	Lachter[38]

EUS: Endoscopic ultrasonography.