Age, smoking and overweight contribute to the development of intestinal metaplasia of the cardia

Table 3 Relationship between the presence of Helicobacter pylori and reflux, Barrett’s esophagus, hiatus hernia, tobacco, sex and body mass index n (%)

	Total	H. pylori negative	H. pylori positive	P value	OR (95% CI)
H. pylori	217	147	70
Reflux = 0	59 (27)	36 (61)	23 (39)	NS
Reflux = 1	17 (8)	11 (65)	6 (35)	NS
Reflux = 2	141 (65)	100 (71)	41 (29)	NS
Short segment Barrett’s	9 (4)	8 (89)	1 (11)	NS
Long segment Barrett’s	19 (9)	16 (84)	3 (16)	NS
Normal gastroesophageal junction	189 (87)	122 (65)	67 (45)	0.01	4.58 (1.33-15.73)
Hiatus hernia
Absent	157 (72)	100 (64)	57 (36)	0.04	2.06 (1.03-4.13)
Present	60 (28)	47 (78)	13 (22)	0.03	0.49 (0.24-0.98)
Tobacco
Non smoker	119 (55)	85 (71)	34 (29)	NS
Past smoker	11 (5)	9 (82)	2 (18)	NS
Current smoker (all)	87 (40)	53 (61)	36 (39)	0.03	1.88 (1.08-3.35)
Current smoker 0.5 p/d	48 (22)	26 (54)	22 (46)	0.03	5.2 (1.1-4.12)
Current smoker > 1.0 p/d	39 (18)	27 (69)	12 (31)	NS
Age
Mean age	45.3	46.57	42.78	0.06
Sex
Male	97 (45)	64 (66)	33 (34)	NS
Female	120 (55)	83 (69)	37 (31)	NS
Body Mass Index
Mean BMI	29.8	30.6	28.1	NS

P value indicates results of the comparison of H. pylori positive patients and H. pylori negative patients. OR: Odds ratio; BMI: Body mass index; NS: Not significant; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.