Mucosal biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease: Key pathogenic players or disease predictors?

Table 1 Studies assessing tissue markers as predictors of disease severity or drug response

Target	Techniques	Use	Ref.
Osteoprotegerin, STC1, PTGS2, IL13Rα2 and IL11	Microarray and PCR on mucosal extract	Predict response to IFX in UC	Arijs et al[7]
TNF-α levels and IL8, IL18	PCR and Immunohistochemistry on mucosal biopsies, ELISA on organ culture	Clinical/endoscopic remission in UC, response to corticosteroids, response to therapy in CD	Olsen et al[10]
			Ishiguro et al[12]
			Arsenescu et al[11]
			Schmidt et al[9]
RelA, A20, pIgR	PCR and Immunohistochemistry on mucosal biopsies	Severe disease and poor responses to immunosuppressive and anti-TNF-α therapy in 69 CD patients	Arsenescu et al[11]
GR expression	RT-PCR on mucosal biopsies	Decreased in biopsies from UC patients non responsive to glucocorticosteroids	Raddatz et al[14]
Mean histological inflammation and steroid use	Histology on colon biopsies	For univariate analysis, were predictors of colectomy in 561 patients UC	Hefti et al[15]
Mucosal IL-8 level	ELISA on mucosal biopsies culture	In multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for future relapse in patients with quiescent UC	Yamamoto et al[16]

GR: Glucocorticosteroid receptor; UC: Ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin; pIgR: Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; RT-PCR: Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; IFX: Infliximab.