Iatrogenic bile duct injuries: Etiology, diagnosis and management

Table 1 Main causes of benign biliary strictures

Congenital strictures	Biliary atresia and congenital cysts
Bile duct injuries	Iatrogenic: postoperative, following endoscopic and percutaneous procedures
	Following blunt or penetrating trauma of the abdomen
Inflammatory strictures	Cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis
	Mirizzi’s syndrome
	Chronic pancreatitis
	Chronic ulcer or diverticulum of the duodenum
	Abscess or inflammation of the liver or subhepatic region
	Parasitic, viral infection
	Toxic drugs
	Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis
	Primary sclerosing cholangitis
	Radiation-induced strictures
	Papillary stenosis