Hepatitis B virus subgenotypes and basal core promoter mutations in Indonesia

Abstract

AIM: To identify the distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) subgenotype and basal core promoter (BCP) mutations among patients with HBV-associated liver disease in Indonesia.

METHODS: Patients with chronic hepatitis (CH, n = 61), liver cirrhosis (LC, n = 62), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, n = 48) were included in this study. HBV subgenotype was identified based on S or preS gene sequence, and mutations in the HBx gene including the overlapping BCP region were examined by direct sequencing.

RESULTS: HBV genotype B (subgenotypes B2, B3, B4, B5 and B7) the major genotype in the samples, accounted for 75.4%, 71.0% and 75.0% of CH, LC and HCC patients, respectively, while the genotype C (subgenotypes C1, C2 and C3) was detected in 24.6%, 29.0%, and 25.0% of CH, LC, and HCC patients, respectively. Subgenotypes B3 (84.9%) and C1 (82.2%) were the main subgenotype in HBV genotype B and C, respectively. Serotype adw2 (84.9%) and adrq+ (89.4%) were the most prevalent in HBV genotype B and C, respectively. Double mutation (A1762T/G1764A) in the BCP was significantly higher in LC (59.7%) and HCC (54.2%) than in CH (19.7%), suggesting that this mutation was associated with severity of liver disease. The T1753V was also higher in LC (46.8%), but lower in HCC (22.9%) and CH (18.0%), suggesting that this mutation may be an indicator of cirrhosis.

CONCLUSION: HBV genotype B/B3 and C/C1 are the major genotypes in Indonesia. Mutations in BCP, such as A1762T/G1764A and T1753V, might have an association with manifestations of liver disease.

Key Words: Basal core promoter mutation, Hepatitis B virus, Indonesia, Liver disease, Subgenotype

INTRODUCTION

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is associated with a diverse clinical spectrum of liver damage ranging from asymptomatic carriers, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)[1]. HBV, a member of the hepadnaviridae, is a relaxed circular double-stranded DNA virus, and is currently classified into 8 genotypes (A to H), which reflect its geographical distribution[23]. For instance, HBV genotype A is prevalent in Europe, Africa, and India[4]. HBV genotypes B and C are predominant in most parts of Asia, including China, Japan, and Indonesia[4–10]. Genotype D is common in the Mediterranean area, the Middle East and India, whereas genotype E is localized in sub-Saharan Africa[411–13]. Genotype F and H are only identified in Central and South America[41415]. Genotype G has been found in France, Germany, and the United States[416–18].

Besides the differences in geographical distribution, there is growing evidence that the HBV genotype may also influence the clinical outcomes of liver disease. Among Asian patients who constitute approximately 75% of HBV carriers worldwide, it has been shown that HBV genotype C is more commonly associated with severe liver disease and the development of cirrhosis and HCC than HBV genotype B[19–23]. However, most of these studies were carried out in Taiwan and Japan, thus can not be generalized even for Asian countries.

In addition to HBV genotype, mutations in the core promoter, precore or HBx gene have been shown to have an association with severe liver disease. For instance, many studies have revealed that the double mutation in BCP (A1762T/G1764A) is associated with an increased risk of severe liver disease including HCC, and can be used as a prediagnostic biomarker of HCC[24–28]. The predominant mutation in the precore region of HBV which involved a G-to-A change at nucleotide 1896, and resulted in a premature stop codon at codon 28, was proved to be associated with increased HCC risk[2328–30]. In addition, among HBV carriers, the A1762T/G1764A mutation is more frequently found in genotype C than genotype B[1931]. However, an independent study on a comparison of HBV genotype C from Vietnam and Japan showed mutations at different positions in the core promoter/precore region of HBV[32], indicating that the effect of mutation on liver carcinogenesis may not be universal. In addition, some mutations in HBx protein, in particular for HBV genotype C, have been shown to be significantly associated with HCC. A Serine-to-Alanine mutation at codon 31 (S31A) in HBx protein[33], a Proline-to-Serine mutation at codon 38 (P38S) in HBx protein of HBV genotype C[34], and some other particular mutations in HBx protein were found to be associated with increased risk of HCC[35]. Those studies, however, were independently carried out in different countries (China Taiwan, Japan, and Korea), and resulted in three different results.

Despite various reports about the effect of HBV genotype and/or mutations on liver disease progression, the virological significance on liver carcinogenesis is not yet fully elucidated. In particular for Indonesia, some reports had been published regarding the distribution of HBV genotype[7–1036], and only one study reported samples from CH, LC, and HCC[8]. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge there is no report on the distribution of BCP mutations and their possible association with clinical manifestations of liver disease. Thus, the aims of the present study were to identify the distribution of HBV genotype/subgenotype and BCP mutations in patients with different clinical status, and to investigate the association of HBV genotype/subgenotype or BCP mutations and liver disease progression in Indonesia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Samples

Serum samples were obtained from 171 patients with HBV-associated liver disease, comprising 61 CH patients (mean age 37.8 ± 13.0 years; male/female: 40/21), 62 LC patients (mean age 50.2 ± 11.6 years; male/female: 44/18), and 48 HCC patients (mean age 49.6 ± 10.4 years; male/female: 43/5). CH was defined as persistent seropositivity for HBsAg for at least 6 months. LC was diagnosed by liver function tests and ultrasonography. The diagnosis of HCC was on the basis of ultrasonography as well as an elevated serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) level (≥ 200 ng/mL), or liver biopsy samples by needle aspiration for samples in which the AFP level was low. Sera of CH, LC, and HCC patients were collected from Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Gatot Soebroto Hospital, Klinik Hati, Jakarta, Siloam Hospital Lippo Karawaci, Tangerang, Mataram General Hospital, Mataram, and Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar, from May 2006 until November 2008. All sera were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive as determined by a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL, USA). Blood samples were collected from each patient at the time of their clinical evaluation, separated into sera and stored at -70°C until viral DNA extraction. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethic Committee and informed consent was obtained from each patient.

Viral DNA extraction and PCR amplification

HBV DNA was extracted from 200 μL serum using the QIAamp DNA blood mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and 80 μL of eluted DNA was stored at -70°C until use. Full S gene was amplified by PCR with primers Fgp2 and Rgp2 (Table 1). The following cycling parameters were used for 40 cycles of PCR: denaturation at 95°C (30 s), annealing at 55°C (45 s) and elongation at 72°C (2 min). When the PCR amplification was negative, a nested PCR was carried out to amplify the preS region. Primers HBPr134 and HBPr135 (Table 1) were used as previously described for the first-round 35 cycles of PCR by the following cycling parameters[2]: denaturation at 95°C (1 min), annealing at 48°C (30 s) and elongation at 72°C (1 min). The second-round PCR was then performed using primers HBPr94 and HBPr134 (Table 1) with the same conditions as the first-round PCR except for annealing at 56°C (30 s). Similarly, HBx gene was amplified using primers Fgp3 and Rgp3 (Table 1). The cycling parameters were the same as that for S gene amplification, except with an elongation time of 1 min. A nested PCR was performed for PCR negative samples using primers HB1 and HB3 for the first round PCR [35 cycles: denaturation at 95°C (1 min), annealing at 48°C (30 s) and elongation at 72°C (1 min)] and using primers HB2 and HB3 for the second round PCR with the same parameters as the first-round PCR, but the annealing temperature was 46°C, as described previously[37]. Both sets of primers could amplify the full HBx gene. All PCR reactions were carried out by the PCR Core System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The PCR products were visualized on 1% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide and purified using Wizard^® SV Gel and the PCR Clean-Up System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA).

Table 1 Primers used in this study.

Primer	Nucleotide sequence (5’→3’)	Position	Polarity	Reference
Full S
Fgp2	CGCCATGGGAGGTTGGTCTTCCAAACCTCG	2848-2873	Forward	This study
Rgp2	GACAAGCTTAATGTATACCCAAAGACAAAAGAAAATTGG	803-835	Reverse
PreS (nested PCR)
HBPr94	GGTAAAAAGGGACTCACGATG	775-795	Reverse	[2]
HBPr134	TGCTGCTATGCCTCATCTTC	414-433	Forward
HBPr135	CAAAGACAAAAGAAAAATTGC	803-822	Reverse
HBx
Fgp3	CGCCATGGCTGCTAGGCTGTGCTGCCAAC	1374-1398	Forward	This study
Rgp3	CGCTCGAGGGCAGAGGGGAAAAAGTTGCATGGT	1811-1838	Reverse
HBx (nested PCR)
HB1	GCCAAGTGTTTGCTGACGC	1175-1193	Forward	[37]
HB2	CCATACTGCGGAACTCCTAG	1266-1285	Forward
HB3	AAAGTTGCATGGTGCTGGTG	1804-1823	Reverse

Analysis of HBV genotype/subgenotype, serotype and HBx mutations

Nucleotide sequences of the PCR fragments were determined with the BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) and the appropriate primers, and sequenced with 3130xl DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems). All HBs and HBx gene sequences were edited manually and were aligned with reference sequences retrieved from GenBank, using the ClustalW program incorporated in Bioedit v7.0. HBV genotypes/subgenotypes were determined based on the homology in the S or preS gene. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by the neighbor-joining method. HBV serotypes were deduced on the basis of predicted amino acid sequences of HBsAg[33839].

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 15.0 software for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and MedCalc^® version 10.1.0.0 for Windows (MedCalc Software, Broekstraat, Mariakerke, Belgium). Significance differentiations for continuous variables were analyzed using t-test analysis. While the categorical variables were analyzed using the Fisher’s exact test and chi-square test. P < 0.05 were considered significant.

RESULTS

HBV genotypes/subgenotypes distribution and clinical diagnosis

Only HBV genotype B and C were detected in the samples, which were respectively distributed in 73.7% and 26.3% of the samples (Table 2). Among HBV genotype B, subgenotypes B2, B3, B4, B5 and B7 were identified, although subgenotype B3 was the major subgenotype identified (84.9% of all genotype B or 62.6% of total samples). HBV subgenotypes B2 and B4 were only found in CH and LC, respectively. HBV subgenotype B5 was found in LC and HCC, while subgenotype B7 was detected in all different clinical diagnoses of the samples. On the other hand, among HBV genotype C, subgenotypes C1, C2, and C3 were found, but subgenotype C1 was dominant (82.62% of all genotype C or 21.6% of total samples). HBV subgenotype C1 was distributed in all samples, but subgenotype C2 and C3 were not detected in HCC samples. Based on statistical analysis, there was no significant association between HBV genotype/subgenotype and a clinical diagnosis of liver disease (Table 2). Serotype distribution demonstrated that adw2 was the major serotype (62.6%) in the samples, followed by adrq+ (24.6%) (Table 2). Other serotypes such as adw, adw3, ayw, ayw1, and ayr were also found in a small number of the samples. Similar to genotype results, no association between serotype and clinical status of the liver disease was observed (Table 2).

Table 2 HBV genotype and serotype distribution in samples with different clinical diagnosis.

Characteristics		n(%) in each clinical diagnosis
		CH (n = 61)	LC (n = 62)	HCC			Total (n = 171)	P
				With LC (n = 12)	Without LC (n = 36)	All HCC (n = 48)		CH vs LC	CH vs All HCC	LC vs All HCC	CH vs LC vs All HCC
Genotype and subgenotype
B	B2	5 (8.2)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	5 (2.9)	NS	NS	NA	0.007
	B3	38 (62.3)	41 (66.1)	8 (66.7)	20 (55.6)	28 (58.3)	107 (62.6)	NS	NS	NS	NS
	B4	0 (0.0)	1 (1.6)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (0.6)	NS	NA	NS	NS
	B5	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (16.7)	3 (8.3)	5 (10.4)	5 (2.9)	NA	0.034	0.032	0.002
	B7	3 (4.9)	2 (3.2)	0 (0.0)	3 (8.3)	3 (6.3)	8 (4.7)	NS	NS	NS	NS
Total genotype B		46 (75.4)	44 (71.0)	10 (83.3)	26 (72.2)	36 (75.0)	126 (73.7)	NS	NS	NS	NS
C	C1	12 (19.7)	13 (21.0)	2 (16.7)	10 (27.8)	12 (25.0)	37 (21.6)	NS	NS	NS	NS
	C2	1 (1.6)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (0.6)	NS	NS	NA	NS
	C3	2 (3.3)	5 (8.1)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	7 (4.1)	NS	NS	NS	NS
Total genotype C		15 (24.6)	18 (29.0)	2 (16.7)	10 (27.8)	12 (25.0)	45 (26.3)	NS	NS	NS	NS
No. HBV genotype B/C (%-B)		46/15 (75.4)	44/18 (71.0)	10/2 (83.3)	26/10 (72.2)	36/12 (75.0)	126/45 (73.7)	NS	NS	NS	NS
Genotype and serotype
B	adw	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (2.8)	1 (2.1)	1 (0.6)	NA	NS	NS	NS
	adw2	38 (62.3)	39 (62.9)	9 (75.0)	21 (58.3)	30 (62.5)	107 (62.6)	NS	NS	NS	NS
	adw3	3 (4.9)	1 (1.6)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	4 (2.3)	NS	NS	NS	NS
	ayw	0 (0.0)	1 (1.6)	0 (0.0)	1 (2.8)	1 (2.1)	2 (1.2)	NS	NS	NS	NS
	ayw1	5 (8.2)	3 (4.8)	0 (0.0)	4 (11.1)	4 (8.3)	12 (7.0)	NS	NS	NS	NS
C	adrq+	14 (23.0)	17 (27.4)	2 (16.7)	9 (25.0)	11 (22.9)	42 (24.6)	NS	NS	NS	NS
	adw2	0 (0.0)	1 (1.6)	0 (0.0)	1 (2.8)	1 (2.1)	2 (1.2)	NS	NS	NS	NS
	ayr	1 (1.6)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (0.6)	NS	NS	NA	NS

CH: Chronic hepatitis; LC: Liver cirrhosis; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; NS: Not significant; NA: Not applicable; HBV: Hepatitis B virus.

HBx and basal core promoter mutations

Initially, amino acid sequences of HBx from the samples were aligned and compared with reference sequences of amino acids retrieved from GenBank (accession no. BAA23459 and BAD86602 for HBV genotype B and C, respectively). Several amino acid changes were observed in both HBV genotype B and C. The prevalence of four amino acid substitutions (T118N, I127N/T/S, K130M and V131I) in HBV genotype B were significantly different between CH and LC, and three of them (T118N, K130M and V131I) showed a significant difference in prevalence between CH, LC and HCC, but none of them was significantly different between LC and HCC (Figure 1, Table 3). In contrast, none of the amino acid substitutions showed any significant difference in prevalence in the different clinical status in HBV genotype C (data not shown).

Figure 1 Distribution and frequencies of the amino acid mutations in the 133 amino acids of HBx protein of HBV genotype B observed in the present study. Reference sequence of HBV genotype B (accession no. BAA23459) is shown at the top and mutations are shown below the reference sequence. Stars indicate the major substitutions observed and values in parentheses are number of patients with respective mutation.

Table 3 Frequencies of some HBx mutations in HBV genotype B according to different clinical diagnosis.

Amino acid substitutions	n(%) in each clinical diagnosis
	CH (n = 46)	LC (n = 44)	HCC			Total (n = 126)	P
			With LC (n = 10)	Without LC (n = 26)	All HCC (n = 36)		CH vs LC	CH vs All HCC	LC vs All HCC	CH vs LC vs All HCC
T118N	23 (50.0)	6 (13.6)	4 (40.0)	7 (26.9)	11 (30.6)	40 (31.7)	< 0.001	NS	NS	0.028
I127N/T/S	5 (10.9)	16 (36.4)	2 (20.0)	2 (7.7)	4 (11.1)	25 (19.8)	0.009	NS	0.019	NS
K130M	8 (17.4)	23 (52.3)	5 (50.0)	11 (42.3)	16 (44.4)	47 (37.3)	0.001	0.015	NS	0.006
V131I	8 (17.4)	22 (50.0)	4 (40.0)	11 (42.3)	15 (41.6)	45 (35.7)	0.002	0.030	NS	0.012

The four substituted amino acids located in BCP region, the corresponding nucleotides (C1726A/T1727(C/T) corresponding to T118N, T1753V corresponding to I127N/T/S, and A1762T/G1764A corresponding to K130M and V131I) were analyzed (Table 4). Mutations at positions 1762 and 1764 (corresponding to K130M and V131I amino acid substitutions), either as a double mutation or an independent mutation, were significantly higher in LC and HCC than CH. Particularly, the double mutation (A1762T/G1764A) which was found in 19.7%, 59.7% and 54.2% of CH, LC and HCC, respectively (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of the double mutation between HCC with and without cirrhosis (41.7% and 58.3%). Analysis of the nucleotide at position 1753 showed that a T-to-V (A/G/C) mutation (corresponding to I127N/T/S amino acid substitutions) was significantly higher in LC (46.8%) compared with CH (18.0%) and HCC (22.9%) (P = 0.004), suggesting that this mutation could be an indicator of liver cirrhosis. Moreover, the prevalence of T1753V mutation was also not significantly different between HCC with cirrhosis (16.7%) and that without cirrhosis (25.0%) (data not shown).

Table 4 Prevalence of HBx and core promoter mutations in samples with different clinical diagnosis.

Characteristics	n(%) in each clinical diagnosis
	CH (n = 61)	LC (n = 62)	HCC			Total (n = 171)	P
			With LC (n = 12)	Without LC (n = 36)	All HCC (n = 48)		CH vs LC	CH vs All HCC	LC vs All HCC	CH vs LC vs All HCC
Genotype B/C (%B)	46/15 (75.4)	44/18 (71.0)	10/2 (83.3)	26/10 (72.2)	36/12 (75.0)	126/45 (73.7)	NS	NS	NS	NS
BCP mutations
C1726A/T1727(C/T)	24 (39.3)	8 (12.9)	4 (33.3)	7 (19.4)	11 (22.9)	43 (34.1)	0.002	NS	0.015	0.003
T1753V	11 (18.0)	29 (46.8)	2 (16.7)	9 (25.0)	11 (22.9)	51 (40.5)	0.015	NS	0.018	0.004
A1762T	12 (19.7)	38 (61.3)	6 (50.0)	21 (58.3)	27 (56.3)	77 (61.1)	< 0.001	< 0.001	NS	< 0.001
G1764A	13 (21.3)	38 (61.3)	5 (41.7)	21 (58.3)	26 (54.2)	77 (61.1)	< 0.001	0.0002	NS	< 0.001
C1766T	1 (1.6)	3 (4.8)	1 (8.3)	1 (2.8)	2 (4.2)	6 (4.8)	NS	NS	NS	NS
T1768A	1 (1.6)	2 (3.2)	1 (8.3)	2 (5.6)	3 (6.3)	6 (4.8)	NS	NS	NS	NS
A1762T/G1764A	12 (19.7)	37 (59.7)	5 (41.7)	21 (58.3)	26 (54.2)	75 (59.5)	< 0.001	0.0004	NS	< 0.001

In addition, C1726A/T1727 (C/T) mutations (corresponding to T118N substitution) were significantly higher in CH (39.3%) than in LC (12.9%) and HCC (22.9%). These results suggested that these mutations were reversely associated with severity of liver disease. In another words, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in C1726/T1727 have an association with liver disease manifestations. The distribution of SNPs in 1726/1727 is shown in Table 5. In HBV genotype B, most of nucleotides in 1726 were A or C. The percentage of 1726A was significantly higher in CH (52.2%) than in LC (20.5%) and HCC (33.3%) (P = 0.009), while 1726C was more prevalent in LC (79.5%) and HCC (66.7%) than in CH (41.3%) (P = 0.001). On the other hand, most of the nucleotides in 1727 were T, however there was no significant difference in the percentage of 1727T in CH (95.7%), LC (88.6%), and HCC (97.2%) (P = 0.279). These results suggested that SNP in 1726, but not in 1727, of HBV genotype B was associated with the development of liver disease. In contrast, no association between SNP in the same positions in HBV genotype C and progression of liver disease was observed (Table 5).

Table 5 Single nucleotide polymorphisms in 1726/1727 of HBV Genotype B and C.

SNP	n(%) in each HBV genotype and clinical diagnosis
	Genotype B						Genotype C
	CH (n = 46)	LC (n = 44)	HCC			P	CH (n = 15)	LC (n = 18)	HCC			P
			With LC (n = 10)	Without LC (n = 26)	All HCC (n = 36)				With LC (n = 2)	Without LC (n = 10)	All HCC (n = 12)
1726A	24 (52.2)	9 (20.5)	4 (40.0)	8 (30.8)	11 (33.3)	0.009	13 (86.7)	13 (72.2)	2 (100.0)	7 (70.0)	9 (75.0)	NS
1726C	19 (41.3)	35 (79.5)	6 (60.0)	18 (69.2)	24 (66.7)	0.001	2 (13.3)	5 (27.8)	0 (0.0)	3 (30.0)	4 (33.3)	NS
1726T	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	NS	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	NA
1727A	1 (2.2)	2 (4.5)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	NS	8 (53.3)	11 (61.1)	2 (100.0)	2 (20.0)	4 (33.3)	NS
1727C	0 (0.0)	1 (2.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	NS	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	NA
1727G	1 (2.2)	2 (4.5)	0 (0.0)	1 (3.8)	1 (2.8)	NS	4 (26.7)	2 (11.1)	0 (0.0)	5 (50.0)	5 (41.7)	NS
1727T	44 (95.7)	39 (88.6)	10 (100.0)	25 (96.2)	35 (97.2)	NS	3 (20.0)	5 (27.8)	0 (0.0)	3 (30.0)	3 (25.0)	NS
1726A/1727A	1 (2.2)	1 (2.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	NS	7 (46.7)	10 (55.6)	2 (100.0)	2 (20.0)	4 (33.3)	NS
1726A/1727G	1 (2.2)	1 (2.3)	0 (0.0)	1 (3.8)	1 (2.8)	NS	4 (26.7)	2 (11.1)	0 (0.0)	5 (50.0)	5 (41.7)	NS
1726A/1727T	22 (47.8)	7 (15.9)	4 (40.0)	7 (26.9)	11 (30.6)	0.007	2 (13.3)	1 (5.6)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	NS
1726C/1727A	0 (0.0)	1 (2.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	NS	1 (6.7)	1 (5.6)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	NS
1726C/1727G	0 (0.0)	1 (2.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	NS	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	NA
1726C/1727T	19 (41.3)	32 (72.7)	6 (60.0)	18 (69.2)	24 (66.7)	0.006	1 (6.7)	4 (22.2)	0 (0.0)	3 (30.0)	3 (25.0)	NS

Comparison of BCP and HBx mutations between genotype B and C

The percentage of cases with A1762T/G1764A mutation was significantly higher in genotype C than genotype B, regardless of clinical status: 53.3% vs 8.7% in CH, 83.3% vs 50.0% in LC, and 83.3% vs 45.5% in HCC (Figure 2A). From an analysis of total samples of these two genotypes, it was shown that the percentage of A1762T/G1764A mutation in genotype C was higher than that of genotype B (73.3% vs 33.3%, P < 0.001). Similar to the results of A1762T/G1764A mutation, T1753V mutation also showed a significantly different distribution between genotypes C (55.6%) and B (20.6%) with P < 0.001 (Table 6 and Figure 2B). When T1753V mutation was observed in each clinical status, its prevalence in HBV genotype C and B were 40.0% vs 10.9% in CH, 66.7% vs 38.6% in LC, and 58.3% vs 11.1% in HCC. In contrast, C1726A/T1727(C/T) mutation was more frequent in HBV genotype B (31.7%) than genotype C (6.7%) (P = 0.002).

Figure 2 The prevalence of A1762T/G1764A (A) and T1753V (B) mutations in the samples with different clinical diagnoses. The number on each histogram represents the percentage of each mutation in each group. P values between the groups are shown respectively.

Table 6 Comparison of core promoter mutations in HBV genotype B and C.

Characteristics	HBV genotype			P
	B	C	All
No. (%) of patients	126 (73.7)	45 (26.3)	171 (100.0)	< 0.001
Age (mean ± SD)	44.3 ± 12.8	49.4 ± 13.3	45.6 ± 13.1	0.024
Male/Female (%Male)	95/31 (75.4)	32/13 (71.1)	127/44 (74.3)	NS
No. (%) of A1762T/G1764A	42 (33.3)	33 (73.3)	75 (43.9)	< 0.001
No. (%) of T1753V	26 (20.6)	25 (55.6)	51 (29.8)	< 0.001
No. (%) of C1726A/T1727 (C/T)	40 (31.7)	3 (6.7)	43 (25.1)	0.002

DISCUSSION

Identification of viral as well as host factors associated with the development of severe liver disease including HCC may have important clinical implications in the management of patients with HBV infection. Many studies have suggested that HBV genotype might play an important role in the development of severe liver diseases. However, it is also widely accepted that HBV genotypes appear to show varying geographic patterns in their distribution which means the association between HBV genotype and the severity of liver disease may differ from one region to another. For instance, studies from Taiwan and Japan demonstrated that HBV genotype C is associated more with severe liver disease that HBV genotype B[19–23]. Since HBV genotype B and C are the main genotypes transmitted in these areas, the investigators compared between genotype B and C. However, another study from Alaska showed that there was a significant association between HBV genotype F and the development of HCC among native Alaskan people[40]. This means that the association between HBV genotype and severity of liver disease could be different, depending on the area and the genotype of HBV transmitted in that particular area. From this study, a cross-sectional analysis of subjects from several different centers in Indonesia, it was found that HBV genotype B was the major genotype and no association between HBV genotype as well as serotype and clinical status of liver disease was observed. Analysis of data from a prospective cohort study, however, is needed to further elucidate the association between HBV genotype and manifestations of liver disease in Indonesian HBV carriers.

Many studies have demonstrated that virus mutations, including mutations of HBx protein, BCP, and precore are linked to the severity and outcome of HBV infection. A study from Taiwan reported that the amino acid substitution at codon 31 of HBx protein (S31A) was frequently found in HCC patients and was predicted to have an association with HCC development[33]. A Japanese group also reported that a mutation at codon 38 (P38S) of HBV genotype C was associated with HCC development[34]. Recently, it was reported that mutations in HBx protein (V5M/L, P38S, H94Y, I127T/N, K130M and V131I) from Korean patients are linked with severity of liver disease[35]. HBx protein analysis of samples in the present study showed that I127N/T/S, K130M and V131I amino acid substitutions are associated with severe liver disease, especially with liver cirrhosis (Table 3). However, no association between S31A as well as P38S mutations and liver disease progression was found, which is different from previous studies in Taiwan, Japan, and Korea[33–35].

It is well known that the double mutation (A1762T/G1764A) in BCP is associated with an increased risk of liver disease. For instance, the frequency of double mutation (A1762T/G1764A) increased with advancing clinical status in Taiwanese patients [3%, 11%, 32% and 64% in asymptomatic carriers (AC), LC, CH, and HCC groups, respectively][24]. A recent report from China has also demonstrated that the incidence of double mutation increased along with the progression of liver disease; the percentage of the double mutation was 33%, 56% and 85% in CH, LC, and HCC groups, respectively[31]. In Indonesian patients, however, the A1762T/G1764A double mutation was increased in CH from 19.7% to 59.7% in LC and was slightly decreased in HCC (54.2%) (Table 4). These results suggest that the double mutation is associated with severe liver disease. In addition, analysis of the nucleotide at position 1753 showed that a T-to-V (A/G/C) mutation increased to 46.8% in LC from 18.0% in CH, but dramatically decreased in HCC (22.9%) (Table 4), suggesting that this mutation is associated with liver cirrhosis rather than HCC. In contrast, analysis of sera or plasma from Japanese subjects with AC, CH, LC and HCC infected with HBV genotype C showed that the percentage of T1753V mutation increased with progression of liver disease[41]. It is also reported that T1753V mutation was higher in HCC (53.2%) compared with LC (18.8%) and CH (9.8%)[31]. These results were inconsistent with the present study, particularly in LC and HCC. These discrepancies might be associated with HCC status; most of HCC cases in the present study were without cirrhosis. Another possibility is that most of the samples analyzed in the previous reports were HBV genotype C, whereas most of samples in the present study were HBV genotype B.

The most interesting finding of the present study is the association of SNP at position 1726 of HBV genotype B, but not genotype C, and severity of liver disease. Since HBV genotype B is the major genotype in Indonesia, this finding is important for the management and prevention of HBV carriers from developing more advanced disease such as liver cirrhosis and HCC in Indonesia. This association, however, has to be confirmed by analyzing more samples. A comparison of mutation prevalence between HBV genotype B and C showed that the percentage of T1753V and A1762T/G1764A mutations were higher in genotype C than in genotype B (Table 6). These results are in accordance with previous findings from Taiwan and China[2031].

In summary, the present study demonstrated that HBV genotype B and C were detected among HBV-associated liver disease patients in Indonesia, and genotype B was predominant. It was found that HBV genotype, as well as the serotype, might not be associated with an increased risk of HCC. The A1762T/G1764A and T1753V mutations in BCP can be used as an indicator for progression of liver disease in Indonesian patients.

COMMENTS

Background

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype, mutations in the core promoter, precore or HBx gene have been shown to have an association with severe liver disease. The aims of the study were to identify the distribution of HBV subgenotype and basal core promoter (BCP) mutations among patients with HBV-associated liver disease in Indonesia, and analyze the possible association between HBV genotype and/or BCP mutations and severity of liver disease among Indonesian patients.

Research frontiers

Although there were some reports on the distribution of HBV genotype in Indonesia, the association between HBV genotype and/or BCP mutations and liver disease progression has not been investigated. Therefore it is important to have information not only related to the distribution of HBV genotype/subgenotype and BCP mutations in patients with different clinical status, but also the association of HBV genotype/subgenotype and/or BCP mutations and liver disease progression in Indonesia.

Innovations and breakthroughs

The present study demonstrated that only HBV genotype B and C were detected among HBV-associated liver disease patients in Indonesia, and genotype B was predominant. It was found that HBV genotype, as well as the serotype, might not be associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The double mutation (A1762T/G1764A) was associated with progression of liver disease, while T1753V mutation could be used as an indicator of liver cirrhosis rather than HCC. In addition, SNP in 1726 has an association with manifestations of liver disease.

Applications

The double mutation (A1762T/G1764A) can be used for the prediction of severe liver disease including cirrhosis and HCC, whereas the T1753V mutation is a predictor of liver cirrhosis in Indonesian patients. In addition, SNP in 1726 can also be used for the prediction of liver disease severity.

Terminology

HBs; HBs gene encode the surface protein of HBV that consist of preS1, preS2, and S. HBx; HBx gene encode functional X protein. BCP; BCP can be considered a part of HBx gene that regulate the core gene expression.

Peer review

The study provides a identify HBV subgenotype and basal core promoter (BCP) mutations distribution among HBV-associated liver disease patients in Indonesia. The work is of theoretical and practical importance.