Body weight, lifestyle, dietary habits and gastroesophageal reflux disease

Table 4 Physical activity and GERD-related clinical manifestations

Author	Year	Country	Study design	Population size	Method of data collection	Association/Effect
Vigorous/agonistic exercise
Clark et al[134]	1989	USA	Crossover	12 asymptomatic volunteers	pH-monitoring, 1 h exercise period (bicycling, running and weight routine)	Yes
Schoeman et al[132]	1995	Australia	Randomized controlled crossover	10 healthy subjects	Perfused sleeve sensor for 24 h during moderate physical activity, rest and sleep, standardized meals, and standardized exercise	Yes
Peters et al[135]	2000	Netherlands	Randomized controlled crossover	7 males triathletes	pH-monitoring, 50 min of running, cycling and supplementation of conventional sport drinks and tap water	Yes
Collings et al[128]	2003	USA	Case series	30 athletes	pH-monitoring, evaluation of clinical symptoms during standardized exercise	Yes
Pandolfino et al[129]	2004	USA	Case-control	20	pH-monitoring, 60 min of exercise (running and resistence exercise), upper endoscopy and manometry	Yes
Nandurkar et al[41]	2004	USA	Population-based, nested case-control	211	GERD, energy expediture, dietary intake questionnaires	Yes
Ravi et al[130]	2005	Ireland	Randomized controlled crossover	135	Esophageal manometry and pH-monitoring before, during and immediately after moderate exercise	Yes
Physical activity at work/postprandial exercise
Zheng et al[43]	2007	Sweden	Swedish Twin Registry	27 717	Questionnaire, telephone interview	Yes
Emerenziani et al[140]	2005	Belgium-Germany	Clinical trial	37 GERD pz	pH-impedance-monitoring, upper endoscopy, scintigraphic gastric emptying	Yes