Antioxidant enriched enteral nutrition and oxidative stress after major gastrointestinal tract surgery

Table 5 Surgery-induced response [difference between preoperative day (-1) and day after surgery (1) & difference between treatment and control groups over time, before start of intervention]

	Group	Day -1	Day 1	P-value1	∆ control and treatment group over time2, P-value
Glutamine (μmol/L)	Control	557 (99)	434 (149)	0.021	0.888
	Treatment	596 (81)	457 (106)	0.007
Vitamin C (μmol/L)	Control	53.5 (24.9)	22.3 (10.3)	0.003	0.379
	Treatment	68.6 (27.9)	29.4 (15.5)	0.007
Vitamin E (μmol/L)	Control	27.4 (6.7)	11.0 (5.9)	0.003	0.458
	Treatment	29.1 (6.5)	10.9 (4.6)	0.005
β-carotene (μmol/L)	Control	0.67 (0.78)	0.20 (0.23)	0.003	0.916
	Treatment	0.81 (1.09)	0.32 (0.45)	0.005
Zinc (μmol/L)	Control	11.7 (2.1)	4.5 (2.1)	0.003	0.761
	Treatment	11.4 (2.6)	4.7 (2.0)	0.008
Selenium (μmol/L)	Control	1.27 (0.28)	0.77 (0.23)	0.003	0.305
	Treatment	1.19 (0.25)	0.78 (0.21)	0.008
MDA (μmol/L)	Control	10.29 (2.6)	12.61 (5.3)	0.091	0.035
	Treatment	10.32 (1.9)	9.35 (2.0)	0.285
GSH-Px (U/g Hb)	Control	12.67 (3.55)	12.00 (2.54)	0.423	0.359
	Treatment	11.75 (2.08)	12.05 (1.63)	0.415
Cysteine total (μmol/L)	Control	335 (46)	193 (40)	0.012	0.817
	Treatment	324 (39)	196 (56)	0.018
WBC (E9/L)	Control	9 (2.7)	11.5 (5.2)	0.142	0.751
	Treatment	6.5 (1.6)	9.9 (3.4)	0.022
IL-6 (pg/mL)	Control	10.7 (17.5)	261.7 (424.8)	0.003	1.000
	Treatment	3.0 (1.8)	337.2 (545.8)	0.005

Data expressed as mean (standard deviation); MDA = malondialdehyde; GSH-Px = glutathione peroxidase; creat = creatinine; Hb = hemoglobin; WBC = white blood cell count; IL-6 = interleukin 6;

¹Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test;

²Mann-Whitney U Test.