Pancreatic guidewire placement for achieving selective biliary cannulation during endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography

Table 2 Risk factors of post-ERCP pancreatitis (univariate analysis) n (%)

Risk factors	Pancreatitis (+)	Pancreatitis (-)	P	OR (95% CI)
	(n = 14)	(n = 99)
Age (< 50 yr)	2 (14)	3 (3)	0.22	5.3 (0.81-35)
Female gender	8 (57)	42 (42)	0.45	1.8 (0.58-5.6)
History of pancreatitis	0	8 (8)	0.58	-
Normal bilirubin level	12 (86)	55 (56)	0.063	4.8 (1.0-23)
Duodenal diverticulum	3 (21)	29 (29)	0.77	0.66 (0.17-2.5)
Pancreatic duct stenosis	0	7 (7)	0.66	-
Procedure time > 45 min	5 (36)	47 (47)	0.59	0.61 (0.19-2.0)
Therapeutic ERCP	7 (50)	68 (69)	0.28	0.46 (0.15-1.4)
PD opacification	14 (100)	99 (100)	-	-
No PD stenting	11 (79)	38 (38)	0.011	5.9 (1.5-22)
Failure in PD stenting	2 (14)	3 (3)	0.22	5.3 (0.81-35)
Unsuccessful BD cannulation	4 (29)	27 (27)	0.83	1.1 (0.31-3.7)
Biliary sphincterotomy	3 (21)	36 (36)	0.42	0.48 (0.12-1.8)
Precut	2 (14)	6 (6)	0.57	2.6 (0.47-14)
Intraductal ultrasonography	3 (21)	22 (22)	0.78	0.95 (0.24-3.7)
Biliary stent placement	2 (14)	22 (22)	0.74	0.58 (0.12-2.8)
Papillary balloon dilatation	1 (7)	1 (1)	0.58	7.5 (0.44-128)
Cytology of bile/pancreatic juice	1 (7)	10 (10)	0.89	0.68 (0.081-5.8)
Biopsy of the BD/PD	1 (7)	9 (9)	0.79	0.77 (0.090-6.6)
Choledocholithiasis	5 (36)	37 (37)	0.86	0.93 (0.29-3.0)
Cholecystolithiasis	5 (36)	21 (21)	0.39	2.1 (0.62-6.8)
Cholangiocarcinoma	1 (7)	8 (8)	0.68	0.88 (0.10-7.6)
Pancreatic cancer	0	8 (8)	0.58	-
Chronic pancreatitis	0	5 (5)	0.87	-
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm	1 (7)	3 (3)	0.99	2.5 (0.24-25)
Ampullary cancer/adenoma	0	4 (4)	0.99	-

ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; PD: Pancreatic duct; BD: Bile duct; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.