Treatment of pig serum-induced rat liver fibrosis with Boschniakia rossica, oxymatrine and interferon-α

Abstract

AIM: To investigate the effect of Boschniakia rossica (BR), oxymatrine (OM) and interferon-alpha (IFN-α) 1b on the therapy of rat liver fibrosis and its mechanism.

METHODS: By establishing a rat model of pig serum-induced liver fibrosis, liver/weight index and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) were observed to investigate the therapeutic effect of BR,OM and IFN-α. Radioimmunoassay was utilized to measure procollagen type III (PCIII) and collagen type IV (CIV). RT-PCR was used to assay the expression of liver transforming growth factor- beta 1 (TGF-β1) mRNA. Immunohistochemistry of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and pathologic changes of liver tissues were also under investigation.

RESULTS: Serum PCIII and CIV in BR, OM and IFN-α groups were significantly declined compared with those in model group, and their RT-PCR revealed that TGF-β1 mRNA expression was also reduced more than that in model group. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that α-SMA also declined more than that in model group. Serum ALT in IFN-α, control and model groups was within normal level. Serum ALT in BR group had no significant difference from those of IFN-α, control and model groups. Serum ALT in OM group was significantly higher than those in BR, IFN-α, model, and control groups.

CONCLUSION: BR, OM and IFN-α can prevent pig serum-induced liver rat fibrosis by inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells and synthesizing collagen. OM has hepatotoxicity to rat liver fibrosis induced by pig serum.

Key Words: Liver fibrosis, Boschniakia rossica, Oxymatrine, Interferon-alpha

INTRODUCTION

Liver fibrosis results from chronic hepatitis, ethanol abuse or other conditions. It is a very common disease in China and severely affects people’s health. All countries in the world including China have not approved any drug on liver fibrosis therapy[1]. Herbal medicine has been used to treat liver fibrosis in China for thousands of years. It is found that Chinese herbal medicine has the direct function of preventing liver fibrosis besides the effect of protecting hepatocytes[2]. Many ingredients of Chinese herbs have been proved in previous studies on liver fibrosis. Boschniakia rossica (BR) Fedtsch Et Flerov is a parasitic plant growing on the root of Alnus plant[3]. Dried BR is used to nourish the kidney, strengthen Yang, loose the bowel, arrest bleeding, and prolong life[4-6]. BR is called “anti-senility herb” (bu lao cao) among civilians. Oxymatrine (OM) is a preparation of alkaloid aqueous solution extracted from herbal medicine matrine. It has biological functions of anti-inflammation, antibacteria, antivirus, anti-tumor and immunosuppression. There are many reports about the prophylactic effect of OM on liver fibrosis and its function to suppress activation of hepatic stellate cells[7-11]. In the present study, a rat liver fibrosis model was established with pig serum and the therapeutic effect and mechanism of BR,OM and IFN-α on liver fibrosis were investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Drugs and animals

BR was accredited and extracted by a medicative botanist, Professor Yong-Zhen Liu from Medical College, Yanbian University. OM injection concentration was 200 mg/2 mL (Ningxia Pharmaceutical Factory). Interferon -alpha 1b was purchased from Shenzhen Kexing Bioproducts Co., LTD.

Male Wistar rats, 7 wk old and weighing 150-180 g, were obtained from Animal Facility of Yanbian University Medical College. After a week acclimation period on a basal diet, the rats were divided randomly into experimental groups.

Experimental protocol

The experiment was started on Monday (d 1), and the total study period was 10 wk. Five experimental groups were designed: control group (n = 8), model group (n = 10), BR group (n = 10), OM group (n = 10) and IFN-α group(n = 10). Each group except for control group received 0.5 mL pig serum twice a week for 10 wk via intraperitoneal injection. At the beginning of the 6^th wk (Day 36), BR group received 500 mg/kg of BR by oral administration. OM group received 60 mg/kg of OM, and IFN-α group received 50000 u IFN-α via muscle injection. At the same time, control group received 0.5 mL of saline injection twice a week for 10 wk. All the rats were killed under ether anesthesia, blood was obtained from the right ventricle, and the livers were excised for TGF-β1 mRNA assay and pathological examination.

Serum markers

At end of the experiment, serum ALT was assayed by a HITACHI 7600-010 autobiochemical analyser, while serum PCIII and CIV by radioimmunoassay.

Histological examination and immunohistochemical staining

Three μm thick sections from right lobes of all rat livers were processed routinely for hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius-red staining. α-SMA for detection of activated hepatic stellate cells was assessed immunohisto chemically by the avidin-bioth-peroxidase complex method. Anti-α-SMA monoclonal antibody (Zhongshan Bio-tech Company) was also used.

Morphological examination of liver tissue

The results of sirius-red staining were examined under optical microscope. The level of liver fibrosis was divided into five grades[12]: grade 0: no fibrosis; grade 1: fibrosis located within portal area with a tendency to become worse; grade 2: fibrosis involving 2/3 liver lobule; grade 3: fibrosis reaching the surroundings of central vein; grade 4: the total liver lobule had permeant fibrosis, with false lobule formation and changes in grade 3.

TGF-β1 mRNA assay

RT-PCR was used to examine TGF-β1 mRNA in liver tissue. Total RNA was extracted with Trizol (Invitrogen Chemical Co.). The sense primer sequence was 5’ GCCTCCGCATCCCACCTTTG 3’ and the sequence of antisense primer was 5’ GCGGGTGACTTCTTTGGCGT 3’ (synthesied by Sino-American Biotechnology Company). RT-PCR was performed with Access Quick^TM RT-PCR system (Promega), and the procedures were as follows. First, reverse translation was incubated for 45 min at 48 °C and initial denaturation for 2 min at 95 °C. Each PCR cycle was at 95 °C for 45 s, at 60 °C for 45 s and at 70 °C for 45 s, the number of cycles was 25 and the final extension was carried out at 70 °C for 5 min. RT-PCR products were resolved on 1.0% agarose gel and then visualized with ultraviolet assay and photography. The results were determined with computerized image analysis (CMIAS).

Statistical analysis

Results were presented as mean±SD, differences of ordinal data were analyzed using Kroskal-Wallis test and measurement data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results were analyzed by SPSS 10.0 software.

RESULTS

General condition

The condition did not change in control group, but the activity was reduced, urine became yellow and most rats had diarrhea in model group. General conditions in BR, OM and IFN-α groups were much better than those in model group.

Liver/weight index

Liver/weight index in model group was slightly higher than that in other groups, but the difference had no statistical significance (P = 0.169).

Serum markers

Serum ALT was not increased after administration of pig serum for 10 wk in model group. IFN-α at doses up to 50000 u also had no effect on serum ALT level, but serum ALT in OM group was excessively increased and significantly higher than that in model and IFN-α groups (P<0.009). Serum ALT in BR group had no considerable changes compared with model group, but was significantly lower than that in OM group (P = 0.021). The serum ALT level was significantly higher in BR group than in IFN-α group (P = 0.043). Only serum IV collagen in model group was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.048). The PCIII level in model group was also significantly higher than that in BR, OM and IFN-alpha groups (P<0.001), and the PCIII level in IFN-α group had almost no change compared with that in control group (P = 0.341), but serum PCIII in OM group was significantly higher than that in control group (P = 0.028, Table 1).

Table 1 Serum markers of ALT (U/L), PCIII (μg/L) and CIV(μg/L, mean±SD).

	Control n = 8	Model n = 10	OM n = 10	IFN n = 9	BR n = 10
ALT	48.00±3.0	51.33±6.5	67.70±3.31	41.33±1.8	53.80±5.2
PCIII	5.83±0.4	9.91±3.1	7.46±0.71,2	6.68±0.31	6.56±0.41
CIV	0.93±0.71	4.13±1.4	0.97±0.91	0.90±0.61	0.40±0.41

¹Significantly different compared with model group, ²significantly different compared with control group.

Histological findings

In model group, the rat liver stained with Sirius-red and HE showed an extensive accumulation of collagens (Figures 1C and D), fibrotic septum increased and was found between port to port and port to central vein in some parts of lobules, in some serious units false lobules presented. But no hepatocyte necrosis was found. The accumulation of collagens in BR (P = 0.003), OM (P = 0.009) and IFN-α (P = 0.0237) groups was obviously lower than that in model group (Figure 1A,B,E-J). The grades of liver fibrosis are shown in Table 2.

Figure 1 Histological findings in model group. Livers stained with Sirius-red (D) and HE (C) showed an extensive accumulation of collogens. The accumulation of collagens was higher in model group than in BR group as shown in Figures 1A,1B,1E,1F,1H,1I and 1J.

Table 2 Comparison of liver fibrosis grades in different groups.

Group	n	0	I	II	III	IV
Control	8	8	0	0	0	0
Model	10	0	5	1	1	3
OM	10	2	7	0	1	0
IFN	9	2	6	1	0	0
BR	10	4	5	0	1	0

Expression of TGF-β1 mRNA in liver tissue

The RT-PCR products of TGF-β1 mRNA were electrophoresed with 1.0% agarose gel (Figure 2 A). The TGF-β1 mRNA expression in control group was not significant, but was significant in model group and the expression of TGF-β1 mRNA in BR,OM and IFN-α groups was significantly lower than that in model group (P<0.05).

Figure 2 Expression of TGF-β1 in liver tissue. A: RT-PCR products of TGF-β1 mRNA in liver tissue resolved on 1.0% agarose gel (M: markers;1: Control; 2: Model; 3: BR; 4: OM; 5: IFN-α); B: Results of model group rat liver specimens stained with IHC. Lots of α-SMA positive cells, hepatic cord lined up in disorder and fibrosis septum could be seen; C-F: Liver cells stained with IHC (×200) in control, BR, OM and IFN-alpha groups respectively.

Immunohistochemical assay

Activated hepatic stellate cells, characterized by expression of α-SMA and called myofibroblast-like cells, were markedly increased in the liver of rats that received pig serum for 10 wk (Figure 2B). In BR,OM and IFN-α groups , the number of α-SMA positive cells in liver was much lower than that in model group (P<0.05, Figures 2C-F), and the distribution of α-SMA positive cells was similar to that of collagen in the liver.

DISCUSSION

Fibrosis is a dynamic process associated with the continuous deposition and resorption of connective tissues and collagens. Therapeutic strategies have shown that this dynamic process can be modulated. Many results in previous studies suggest that BR could markedly enhance the immune reactivation of Kupffer cells. Kupffer cells are the necessary cells when the body responds to TD antigen immune reaction[13]. BR could significantly restore superoxide dismutase (SOD) activation reduced by CCL4 intoxication and CCL4-induced lipid peroxidation products[14,15]. Researches also show that BR could inhibit swelling of carageen gel-induced rat podium, PGE release from swollen podium and permeability of rat celiac capillaries[4,16]. Song et al[8] found that OM could inhibit fibroblastic proliferation and expression of type III collagen mRNA in vivo. Chen et al[9] compared the effects of OM and IFN-α on cultured rat hepatic stellate cells, and found that OM had the similar inhibitory effect as IFN-α on rat stellate cells in vitro, indicating that OM has prophylactic effects on D-galactosamine-induced rat liver fibrosis, since it can protect hepatocytes and suppress activation of hepatic stellate cells through anti-lipoperoxidation in vivo[7,10]. It was reported that IFN-α could inhibit hepatic stellate cell activation and lipid peroxidation in liver mitochondria, and enhance biological defense activities against oxidative stress and function as a potent fibrosuppressant by protecting hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells from lipid peroxidation in vivo[17]. It could inhibit the proliferation and collagen synthesis of stellate cells, down-regulate the expression of precollagen types I and III mRNA and reduce the deposition of collagen types I and III in fibrotic liver[18]. IFN-α could improve the function and composition of liver cells and erythrocyte membrane[19]. Early and long-term administration of IFN-α could prevent the development of liver fibrosis and porto-collateral circulation in the CCL4 model[20]. Clinical researches on IFN-α have shown that IFN-α elevates MMP-1/TIMP-1 ratio and decreases the extent of liver fibrosis[21], reduces the number of α-SMA- positive cells and decorin expression[22], and improves liver inflammation and fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C[23]. IFN-α could also reduce liver fibrosis independent of its antiviral activity[24,25]. In the present study, an immune liver fibrosis model was established by intraperitoneal injection of pig serum, and the model was designed according to the fact that many kinds of fibrosis are related to type III immune reaction[26]. The present study showd that serum ALT was not increased and there was no obvious hepatocyte necrosis except for liver fibrosis in model group. In IFN-α group serum ALT had no change, and this result is similar to that treated with IFN-γ[27]. The obvious increase of serum ALT in OM group indicateds that OM has hepatotoxicity to rat liver fibrosis induced by pig serum. Radioimmunoassay showed that serum PCIII and CIV were significantly decreased, indicating that BR, OM and IFN-α inhibit synthesis of collagens, and that serum PCIII is higher than CIV, which is in line with the result that PCIII was the main collagen accumulated in primeval fibrosis[26]. TGFβ- 1 activates hepatic stellate cells and increases α-SMA expression[28,29]. On the other hand, the activated hepatic stellate cells release a lot of TGF-β1[30]. The present study showed that BR,OM and IFN-α could inhibit the activation of hepatic stellate cells and the release of TGF-β1. Pathological results further indicate BR,OM and IFN-α have anti- fibrosis actions. This study compared the anti-fibrosis action of BR,OM and IFN-α, and found that BR had no effect on liver serum ALT, and is thus being very convenient for use. BR is an effective herb with a promising prospect of application.

In conclusion, the results in the present study indicate that BR,OM and IFN-α can prevent pig serum-induced liver fibrosis by inhibiting the activation of stellate cells and synthesis of collagens. OM has hepatotoxicity to liver fibrosis induced by pig serum.