Wahba R, Thomas MN, Bunck AC, Bruns CJ, Stippel DL. Clinical use of augmented reality, mixed reality, three-dimensional-navigation and artificial intelligence in liver surgery. Artif Intell Gastroenterol 2021; 2(4): 94-104 [DOI: 10.35712/aig.v2.i4.94]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Roger Wahba, MD, PhD, FEBS, Assistant Professor, Surgeon, Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany. roger.wahba@uk-koeln.de
Research Domain of This Article
Surgery
Article-Type of This Article
Minireviews
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Artif Intell Gastroenterol. Aug 28, 2021; 2(4): 94-104 Published online Aug 28, 2021. doi: 10.35712/aig.v2.i4.94
Clinical use of augmented reality, mixed reality, three-dimensional-navigation and artificial intelligence in liver surgery
Roger Wahba, Michael N Thomas, Alexander C Bunck, Christiane J Bruns, Dirk L Stippel
Roger Wahba, Michael N Thomas, Christiane J Bruns, Dirk L Stippel, Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany
Alexander C Bunck, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany
Author contributions: Wahba R and Stippel DL designed the research study, performed the research; analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript; have read and approved the final manuscript; Thomas MN performed the research, wrote the manuscript; have read and approved the final manuscript; Bunck AC analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript; have read and approved the final manuscript; Bruns CJ designed the research study, has read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: There is no conflict of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Roger Wahba, MD, PhD, FEBS, Assistant Professor, Surgeon, Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany. roger.wahba@uk-koeln.de
Received: April 9, 2021 Peer-review started: April 9, 2021 First decision: July 3, 2021 Revised: July 10, 2021 Accepted: August 27, 2021 Article in press: August 27, 2021 Published online: August 28, 2021
Core Tip
Core Tip: Virtual three-dimensional (3D)-reconstruction models from computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging scans of the liver might be helpful for visualization during liver surgery. Augmented reality, mixed reality and 3D-navigation could transfer such 3D-image data directly into the operation theater. Augmented reality and mixed reality have been shown to be feasible for the use in open and in minimally invasive liver surgery. 3D-navigation facilitated targeting of intraparenchymal lesions. Randomized controlled trials regarding clinical data or oncological outcome are not available. Up to now there is no intraoperative application of artificial intelligence in liver surgery. The usability of all these sophisticated image guidance tools has still not reached the grade of immersion which would be necessary for a widespread use in the daily surgical routine.
