Combined endoscopy/laparoscopy/percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage, hybrid techniques in gastrointestinal and biliary diseases

Table 1 Comparison between the characteristic of exposed laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery and non-exposed laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery

	Exposed LECS	Non-exposed LECS
Techniques	Conventional LECS, Inverted LECS, LAEFR	CLEAN-NET	NEWS, Closed-NEWS
Opening of gastric wall	Yes	No	No
Advantages	Minimum resection area; more evidence of efficacy and feasibility	Non-exposed	Precise resection of both serosal and mucosal layers
Limitations	Possibility of tumor seeding and gastric juice contamination into the abdominal cavity	Potential risk of margin positive or excessive resection	Not applicable to tumor > 3 cm due to peroral retrieval

LECS: Laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery; LAEFR: Laparoscopic assisted endoscopic full thickness resection; NEWS: Non-exposed wall invasion surgery; CLEAN-NET: Combination of laparoscopic and endoscopic approaches for neoplasia with non-exposure technique.