Disordered eating behaviour and eating disorder among adolescents with type 1 diabetes: An integrative review

Table 1 Characterisation of primary studies, according to author(s), year, title, objective, instruments, conclusion, and evidence level (Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, 2021)

Ref.	Title	Objective	Instrument	Conclusion	Evidence level
Philippi et al[20], 2013	Risk behaviours for eating disorders in adolescents and adults with type 1 diabetes	To evaluate the frequency of risk behaviour concerning the risk of eating disorder in patients with diabetes (DT1) and its association with sex, nutritional status, variables related to DT1, and satisfaction with their body	The Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26); The Bulimic Investigation Test of Edinburgh (BITE); The Binge Eating Scale (BES)	Patients with DT1 demonstrated a high frequency of dissatisfaction with their body image and risk of an eating disorder; the omission or reduction of insulin was a significant risk factor for eating disorders	Level VI
Frampton et al[15], 2011	Reliability and validity of the Norwegian translation of the Child Eating Disorder Examination (ChEDE)	To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the ChEDE 12.0	The Child Eating Disorder Examination (ChEDE)	The Norwegian version of the ChEDE has good psychometric properties and can be recommended for clinical use and in research with young people with eating disorders in Norway	Level II
Cherubini et al[8], 2018	Disordered eating behaviours in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: A cross-sectional population-based study in Italy	To evaluate the association of the following factors: Clinical, metabolic, and socio-economical with disordered eating behaviour (DEB) among adolescents with DT1, tracked through the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised (DEPS-R)	TheDiabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised (DEPS-R)	The study suggests that skipping insulin injections, little time in physical activities, having an elevated BMI, and having a family profile of low education and occupation must be considered a sign of attention for DEB among pre-adolescents and adolescents with DT1	Level VI
Akgül et al[16], 2018	Can having a sibling with type 1 diabetes cause disordered eating behaviours?	To evaluate if the risk of disordered eating behaviour (DEB) is also applied to the brother who shares the same environment	The eating attitudes test-26 (EAT-26)	Although a direct relation was not observed, the probability of having a pathological EAT-26 was higher among groups whose brothers had DT1	Level III
Zuijdwijk et al[21], 2014	The mSCOFF for Screening Disordered Eating in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes	To validate the screening for eating disorders in female adolescents with type 1 diabetes	The five questions of (Sick, Control, One, Fat, and Food) (mSCOFF)	It is a tool that shows a great potential to track the risk of eating disorders in female adolescents with DT1 and requires validation against a gold standard	Level VI
Gagnon et al[17], 2017	Psychometric Properties of the French Diabetes Eating Problem Survey Revised (DEPS-R)	To develop and examine the psychometric properties and factorial structure of a French version of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey Revised (DEPS-R) among participants with type 1 and 2 diabetes	A French version of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised (DEPS-R)	Although it cannot be used alone to establish a formal diagnosis of an eating disorder, the French version is a valid and reliable scale to evaluate the risk of eating disorders among patients with any type of diabetes	Level III
Atik Altınok et al[22], 2017	Reliability and Validity of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey in Turkish Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus	To show the reliability and validity of a Turkish version of the Eating Problem Survey-Revised (DEPS-R) among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus	The Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised (DEPS-R)	Disordered eating behaviours and insulin restriction were associated with poor metabolic control. The screening tool for diabetes to DEB can be used daily during the clinical care of adolescents with DT1	Level VI
Saßmann et al[23], 2015	Psychometric properties of the German version of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey Revised: additional benefit of disease-specific screening in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes	To examine psychometric properties of the German version of the Diabetes Eating concerning 16 items, research was performed in a sample of adolescents with type 1 diabetes	The Diabetes Eating Problem Survey Revised (DEPS-R)	The DEPS-R delivered more specific information than the tracking of generic instruments and identified more Young ones with an eating disorder than reported by the doctor, especially concerning the detection of boys at risk. The DEPS-R identifies the eating disorder in the initial stage of adolescents	Level VI
Wit et al[24], 2012	Assessing the diabetes-related quality of life of youth with type 1 diabetes in routine clinical care: the MIND Youth Questionnaire (MY-Q)	To report the development and validation of the MIND Youth Questionnaire (MY-Q) among Dutch adolescents with type 1 diabetes	The MIND Youth Questionnaire (MY-Q)	The MY-Q is a survey of QVRS projected for use in clinical care. It has good measurement properties and seems adequate to implement in the daily care of adolescents with diabetes	Level VI
Wisting et al[19], 2013	Psychometric Properties, Norms, and Factor Structure of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey Revised in a Large Sample of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes	To examine psychometric properties of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey – Revised (DEPS-R) in a large sample of young patients with DT1 to establish rules and validate it against the Eating Attitudes Test 12 (EAT-12)	The Diabetes Eating ProblemSurvey–Revised (DEPS-R)	The DEPS-R is a useful screening tool for DEB in people with DT1, which is relevant in practical clinics. The discoveries support this important screening tool's utility in identifying eating disorders among young patients with type 1 diabetes	Level IV
Markowitz et al[25], 2010	Brief Screening Tool for Disordered Eating in Diabetes	To update and validate a specific diabetes tracking tool for eating disorders (Diabetes Eating Problem Survey DEPS) in young ones with type 1 diabetes.	The Diabetes Eating ProblemSurvey-Revised (DEPS-R)	Future studies must focus on using DEPS-R to identify high-risk populations for the prevention and early intervention of disordered eating behaviours	Level VI
Pinna et al[26], 2017	Assessment of eating disorders with the diabetes eating problems survey revised (DEPS-R) in a representative sample of insulin-treated diabetic patients: a validation study in Italy	To evaluate patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes treated with insulin and the psychometric characteristics of the Italian version of the DEPS-R scale	The Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised (DEPS-R)	Adults and adolescents with type 1 and type 2 diabetes treated with insulin participated in the study. The Italian version of the DEPS-R scale showed a good construct validity, internal consistency, and an excellent reasonable degree of reproducibility in this public	Level VI
Lv et al[18], 2021	Instrument Context Relevance Evaluation, Translation, and Psychometric Testing of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised (DEPS-R) among People with Type 1 Diabetes in China	To adapt the DEPS-R for Mandarin and test its psychometric properties among adolescents and adults with type 1 diabetes in China	The Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised (DEPS-R)	The Chinese version of the DEPS-R described a high proportion of disordered eating behaviour among adolescents and adults with DT1, thus indicating a need for special attention by health professionals and researchers in China	Level III