Meta-Analysis
Copyright ©2013 Baishideng.
World J Meta-Anal. May 26, 2013; 1(1): 16-26
Published online May 26, 2013. doi: 10.13105/wjma.v1.i1.16
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients of the 24 included studies
Author (yr)CountryStudy designBase populationSexnMean age (yr) of subjectsMeasure of associationPattern of comparison (vsnever smokers)Relative riskAdjustment for socioeconomic statusAdjustment for behavior associated with oral health3Definition, No. of tooth loss
Eklund et al[16] (1994)United StatesCohortGeneral populationM/F220742.0RREver1.88 (1.04-3.38)1YesYesIncidence of tooth loss
Norlén et al[18] (1996)SwedenCross-sectionalGeneral populationM48368.0ORFormer2.60 (1.34-5.03)YesYes> 16 loss
Current3.02 (1.50-6.07)
Ever2.79 (1.73-4.52)2
Slade et al[30] (1997)AustraliaCohortGeneral populationM/F69373.0RRFormer2.55 (1.48-4.40)NoYesIncidence of tooth loss
Current2.06 (0.92-4.62)
Ever2.39 (1.52-3.74)2
Suominen-Taipale et al[31] (1999)FinlandCross-sectionalGeneral populationM/F21340.0OREver1.4 (1.0-2.0)YesNo28 loss
Xie et al[17] (1999)FinlandCross-sectionalGeneral populationM/F29381.0OREver3.12 (1.56-6.23)NoNo28 loss
Yoshida et al[33] (2001)JapanCross-sectionalPetroleum chemical plant employeesM201539.5ORFormer1.27 (0.89-1.81)NoYes> 1 loss
Current1.54 (1.20-1.96)
Ever1.45 (1.18-1.77)2
Randolph et al[32] (2001)United StatesCross-sectionalGeneral populationM/F305074.1ORFormer1.26 (1.04-1.54)YesNo> 14 loss
Current1.69 (1.31-2.20)
Ever1.40 (1.20-1.63)2
Ylöstalo et al[19] (2004)FinlandCross-sectionalGeneral populationM/F840931.0OREver1.73 (1.39-2.15)2YesYes> 6 loss
Cunha-Cruz et al[22] (2004)BrazilCross-sectionalUniversity employeesM/F384040.0OREver1.62 (1.35-1.96)YesYes> 26 loss
Klein et al[34] (2004)United StatesCross-sectionalGeneral populationM/F279465.0ORFormer1.57 (1.25-1.98)YesNo> 1 loss
Current4.04 (2.52-6.49)
Ever1.88 (1.53-2.31)2
Tanaka et al[35] (2005)JapanCross-sectionalHospitalF100229.8ORFormer1.42 (0.91-2.20)YesNo> 1 loss
Current1.56 (1.18-2.06)2
Ever1.52 (1.20-1.93)2
Susin et al[20] (2005)BrazilCross-sectionalGeneral populationM/F97448.7OREver1.50 (1.18-1.90)2NoNo> 7 loss
Susin et al[37] (2006)BrazilCross-sectionalGeneral populationM/F61221.5OREver1.30 (1.02-1.66)2YesNo> 1 loss
Okamoto et al[36] (2006)JapanCross-sectionalHospitalM133243.5ORFormer1.11 (0.68-1.85)NoNo> 1 loss
Current1.59 (1.21-2.08)2
Ever1.46 (1.15-1.85)2
Krall et al[23] (2006)United StatesCohortPeople who received dental careM78949.0HRFormer1.3 (0.9-1.7)YesYesIncidence of tooth loss
Current2.1 (1.5-3.1)
Ever1.7 (1.3-2.2)2
Ojima et al[40] (2007)JapanCross-sectionalGeneral populationM/F131430.0OR
TotalFormer0.80 (0.45-1.43)2NoYes> 1 loss
Current1.91 (1.41-2.59)2
Ever1.58 (1.21-2.07)2
MFormer1.25 (0.55-2.86)
Current2.21 (1.40-3.50)
Ever1.93 (1.30-2.88)2
FFormer0.52 (0.23-1.18)
Current1.70 (1.13-2.55)
Ever1.34 (0.93-1.93)2
Mundt et al[24] (2007)GermanyCross-sectionalGeneral populationM/F250149.5ORFormer1.71 (1.27-2.30)YesYes> 26 loss
Current2.58 (2.03-3.27)
Ever2.19 (1.82-2.64)2
Dietrich et al[25] (2007)United StatesCohortHealth professionalM4311256.0HRFormer1.57 (1.53-1.62)2YesYesIncidence of tooth loss
Current2.25 (2.14-2.37)2
Ever1.75 (1.69-1.80)2
Hanioka et al[38] (2007)JapanCross-sectionalGeneral populationM/F399960.0OR
TotalFormer1.18 (0.87-1.59)NoYes> 20 loss
Current2.19 (1.71-2.80)
Ever1.70 (1.40-2.05)2
MFormer1.29 (0.92-1.80)
Current2.22 (1.61-3.06)
Ever1.72 (1.36-2.17)2
FFormer0.86 (0.46-1.60)
Current2.14 (1.45-3.15)
Ever1.66 (1.19-2.31)2
Musacchio et al[39] (2007)ItalyCross-sectionalGeneral populationM122676.8ORFormer3.42 (2.42-4.82)YesNo28 loss
Current4.01 (2.59-6.20)
Ever3.64 (2.77-4.77)2
Haugejorden et al[26] (2008)NorwayCross-sectionalGeneral populationM/F109247.9OREver2.2 (1.3-3.7)YesYes> 20 loss
Cunha-Cruz et al[41] (2008)United StatesCohortPeople who received dental careM/F1263151.0RRFormer1.3 (1.1-1.4)NoYesIncidence of tooth loss
Current2.3 (2.0,2.6)
Ever1.8 (1.6-2.0)2
Moedano et al[21] (2009)United StatesCross-sectionalHospitalM/F16669.1OREver1.19 (0.49-2.87)YesNo> 10 loss
Yanagisawa et al[42] (2010)JapanCross-sectionalGeneral populationM108859.6ORFormer1.35 (0.94-1.94)NoYes> 8 loss
Current1.67 (1.12-2.50)
Ever1.49 (1.14-1.94)2
Table 2 Source of heterogeneity by meta-regression analysis
FactorsUnivariate
Multivariate
CoefficientSEP valueCoefficientSEP value
Published year-0.00635530.014290.661---
Country (vs United States)
Japan-0.09223410.119030.447---
Finland, Norway, Sweden0.14856420.148260.328---
Other countries0.18283020.129390.173---
Study design (cohort vs cross-sectional)0.06678180.123420.594---
Base Population of Study (general population vs others)-0.07616590.102970.467
Sex (male vs female)
Male0.07397730.112120.517---
Female-0.11760730.247320.639---
Mean age of study population0.00808050.002840.0090.00672760.002880.030
Adjustment for socioeconomic status (Yes vs No)-0.07239390.103750.493---
Adjustment for behavior associated with oral health (Yes vs No)-0.00548230.107330.960---
Definition number of tooth loss in the study (range: 1-28)0.00938920.004300.0400.00654340.004140.129