Empathy assessment in healthcare students is highly heterogeneous: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2012-2016)

Figure 1 Flow chart of study selection.

Figure 2 Risk of bias assessment. A: Risk of bias graph: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies; B: Risk of bias summary: Review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

Figure 3 Meta-analysis of Cronbach’s alpha. A: Forest plot for all studies; B: Distribution of reliabilities (Cronbach’s alpha) in the present study; C: Funnel plot of the effect size against sample size. The empty dots represent the studies from the trim-and-fill analysis. IV: Inverse variance.

Figure 4 Subgroup analyses. A: Forest plot according to scale; B: Forest plot according to country; C: Forest plot according to field of study. IV: Inverse variance.

Figure 5 Sensitivity analysis and cumulative meta-analysis. A: Forest plot for sensitivity meta-analysis; B: Forest plot for cumulative meta-analysis. IV: Inverse variance.