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Chakrabarti S. Treatment alliance and adherence in bipolar disorder. World J Psychiatry 2018; 8:114-124. [PMID: 30425942 PMCID: PMC6230924 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v8.i5.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinician patient relationship lies at the core of psychiatric practice and delivery of mental health care services. The concept of treatment alliance in psychiatry has its origins in psychotherapy, but has also been influenced by several other constructs such as patient-centred care (PCC) and shared decision-making (SDM). Similarly, there has been a shift in conceptualization of treatment-adherence in psychiatric disorders including bipolar disorder (BD) from illness-centred and clinician-centred approaches to patient-centred ones. Moreover, the traditional compliance based models are being replaced by those based on concordance between clinicians and patients. Newer theories of adherence in BD place considerable emphasis on patient related factors and the clinician patient alliance is considered to be one of the principal determinants of treatment-adherence in BD. Likewise, current notions of treatment alliance in BD also stress the importance of equal and collaborative relationships, sensitivity to patients' viewpoints, sharing of knowledge, and mutual responsibility and agreement regarding decisions related to treatment. Accumulated evidence from quantitative research, descriptive accounts, qualitative studies and trials of psychosocial interventions indicates that efficacious treatment alliances have a positive influence on adherence in BD. Then again, research on the alliance-adherence link in BD lags behind the existing literature on the subject in other medical and psychiatric conditions in terms of the size and quality of the evidence, the consistency of its findings and clarity about underlying processes mediating this link. Nevertheless, the elements of an effective alliance which could have a positive impact on adherence in BD are reasonably clear and include PCC, collaborative relationships, SDM, open communication, trust, support, and stability and continuity of the relationship. Therefore, clinicians involved in the care of BD would do well to follow these principles and improve their interpersonal and communication skills in order to build productive alliances with their patients. This could go a long way in confronting the ubiquitous problem of non-adherence in BD. The role of future research in firmly establishing the alliance-adherence connection and uncovering the processes underlying this association will also be vital in devising effective ways to manage non-adherence in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subho Chakrabarti
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
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Chakrabarti S. Medication non-adherence in bipolar disorder: Review of rates, demographic and clinical predictors. World J Meta-Anal 2017; 5:103. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v5.i4.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Chakrabarti S. Treatment-adherence in bipolar disorder: A patient-centred approach. World J Psychiatry 2016; 6:399-409. [PMID: 28078204 PMCID: PMC5183992 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i4.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
About half of the patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD) become non-adherent during long-term treatment, a rate largely similar to other chronic illnesses and one that has remained unchanged over the years. Non-adherence in BD is a complex phenomenon determined by a multitude of influences. However, there is considerable uncertainty about the key determinants of non-adherence in BD. Initial research on non-adherence in BD mostly limited itself to examining demographic, clinical and medication-related factors impacting adherence. However, because of inconsistent results and failure of these studies to address the complexities of adherence behaviour, demographic and illness-related factors were alone unable to explain or predict non-adherence in BD. This prompted a shift to a more patient-centred approach of viewing non-adherence. The central element of this approach includes an emphasis on patients’ decisions regarding their own treatment based on their personal beliefs, life circumstances and their perceptions of benefits and disadvantages of treatment. Patients’ decision-making processes are influenced by the nature of their relationship with clinicians and the health-care system and by people in their immediate environment. The primacy of the patient’s perspective on non-adherence is in keeping with the current theoretical models and concordance-based approaches to adherence behaviour in BD. Research over the past two decades has further endorsed the critical role of patients’ attitudes and beliefs regarding medications, the importance of a collaborative treatment-alliance, the influence of the family, and the significance of other patient-related factors such as knowledge, stigma, patient satisfaction and access to treatment in determining non-adherence in BD. Though simply moving from an illness-centred to a patient-centred approach is unlikely to solve the problem of non-adherence in BD, such an approach is more likely to lead to a better understanding of non-adherence and more likely to yield effective solutions to tackle this common and distressing problem afflicting patients with BD.
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Azadforouz S, Shabani A, Nohesara S, Ahmadzad-Asl M. Non-Compliance and Related Factors in Patients With Bipolar I Disorder: A Six Month Follow-Up Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2016; 10:e2448. [PMID: 27803718 PMCID: PMC5087110 DOI: 10.17795/ijpbs-2448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Medication treatment compliance among bipolar patients is quite widespread. Objectives Treatment compliance depends on multiple factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predicting factors of noncompliance in patients with bipolar I disorder admitted to an Iranian hospital during a six-month follow up period. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study included 47 bipolar I disorder subjects who were admitted to the Iran psychiatric hospital and that were chosen using a non-randomized convenient sampling model. The patients were assessed at baseline, and at two and six months after admission. For evaluating the patients, we used the medication possession ratio (MPR), the drug attitude inventory (DIA-10), the young mania rating scale (Y-MRS) and the scale for the assessment of positive symptoms (SAPS). The data were analyzed using a general linear model by SPSS 16 software. Results The repeated measures analysis revealed that medication compliance increased successively (P = 0.045), and age, gender and symptom severity did not alter the pattern. Conclusions There is an increasing pattern in treatment compliance in bipolar I disorder patients, regardless of the known predicting factors for nonadherence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir Shabani
- Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Mental Health Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Teharn, IR Iran
| | - Shabnam Nohesara
- Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Mental Health Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Teharn, IR Iran
| | - Masoud Ahmadzad-Asl
- Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Mental Health Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Teharn, IR Iran
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Sylvia LG, Reilly-Harrington NA, Leon AC, Kansky CI, Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Ketter TA, Friedman ES, Iosifescu DV, Thase ME, Ostacher MJ, Keyes M, Rabideau D, Nierenberg AA. Medication adherence in a comparative effectiveness trial for bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2014; 129:359-65. [PMID: 24117232 PMCID: PMC3975824 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychopharmacology remains the foundation of treatment for bipolar disorder, but medication adherence in this population is low (range 20-64%). We examined medication adherence in a multisite, comparative effectiveness study of lithium. METHOD The Lithium Moderate Dose Use Study (LiTMUS) was a 6-month, six-site, randomized effectiveness trial of adjunctive moderate dose lithium therapy compared with optimized treatment in adult out-patients with bipolar I or II disorder (N=283). Medication adherence was measured at each study visit with the Tablet Routine Questionnaire. RESULTS We found that 4.50% of participants reported missing at least 30% of their medications in the past week at baseline and non-adherence remained low throughout the trial (<7%). Poor medication adherence was associated with more manic symptoms and side-effects as well as lower lithium serum levels at mid- and post-treatment, but not with poor quality of life, overall severity of illness, or depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Participants in LiTMUS were highly adherent with taking their medications. The lack of association with possible predictors of adherence, such as depression and quality of life, could be explained by the limited variance or other factors as well as by not using an objective measure of adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa G. Sylvia
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA,Corresponding author: Louisa G. Sylvia, PhD, 50 Staniford St, Suite 580, Boston, MA, , Phone: 617-643-4804, Fax: 617-643-6768
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dustin Rabideau
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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Sajatovic M, Levin J, Tatsuoka C, Micula-Gondek W, Fuentes-Casiano E, Bialko CS, Cassidy KA. Six-month outcomes of customized adherence enhancement (CAE) therapy in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2012; 14:291-300. [PMID: 22548902 PMCID: PMC3342843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few psychosocial interventions specifically focused on improved treatment adherence in people with bipolar disorder (BD). Customized adherence enhancement (CAE) is a needs-based, manualized approach intended to improve medication adherence in individuals with BD. This was a six-month prospective trial of a CAE among 43 medication non-adherent individuals with BD who were receiving treatment in a community mental health clinic (CMHC). METHODS CAE was flexibly administered in modules applied as indicated by an initial adherence vulnerabilities screening. Screening identified reasons for non-adherence and modules were then administered using pre-set criteria. CAE effects were evaluated at six-week, three-month, and six-month follow-up. The six-month follow-up was our primary time point of interest. The primary outcome was change from baseline in adherence using the Tablets Routine Questionnaire (TRQ) and pill counts. Secondary outcomes included change from baseline in BD symptoms [Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)]. RESULTS Subjects completed 86% of scheduled sessions, with only two individuals (5%) not participating in any sessions. The number of dropouts at six months was 12 (28%). Mean baseline non-adherence by TRQ was 48% [standard error (SE) 4.8%] missed tablets within the previous week and 51% (4.1%) missed tablets within the previous month. At six-month follow-up, mean TRQ non-adherence improved to 25% (6.8%) missed tablets for the previous week (p = 0.002) and 21% (5.5%) for the previous month (p < 0.001). Symptoms improved, with a change in the baseline mean (SE) BPRS of 43.6 (1.8) versus an endpoint of 36.1 (2.3) (p = 0.001), and baseline mean (SE) HAM-D of 17.8 (1.1) versus an endpoint of 15.3 (1.6) (p = 0.044). CONCLUSION CAE was associated with improvements in adherence, symptoms, and functional status. Controlled trials are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Sajatovic
- Department of Psychiatry Department of Neurology and Neurological Outcomes Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Jennifer Levin
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Curtis Tatsuoka
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Outcomes Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Weronika Micula-Gondek
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Kristin A Cassidy
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Fenn HH. Treatment of bipolarity + medical comorbidity = costability: an editorial comment to Magalhaes PV, Kapczinski F, Nierenberg AA, Deckersback T, Weisinger D, Dodd S, Berk M. Illness burden and medical comorbidity in the Systemic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (1). Acta Psychiatr Scand 2012; 125:262-3. [PMID: 22404206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Design and rationale of a randomized controlled trial to reduce cardiovascular disease risk for patients with bipolar disorder. Contemp Clin Trials 2012; 33:666-78. [PMID: 22386799 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with bipolar disorder (BD) experience a disproportionate burden of medical comorbidity, notably cardiovascular disease (CVD), contributing to decreased function and premature mortality. We describe the design, rationale, and baseline findings for the Self-Management Addressing Heart Risk Trial (SMAHRT), a randomized controlled effectiveness trial of an intervention (Life Goals Collaborative Care; LGCC) designed to reduce CVD risk factors and improve physical and mental health outcomes in patients with BD. METHODS Patients with BD and at least one CVD risk factor were recruited from a VA healthcare system and randomized to either LGCC or usual care (UC). LGCC participants attended four weekly, group-based self-management sessions followed by monthly individual contacts supportive of health behavior change and ongoing medical care management. In contrast, UC participants received monthly wellness newsletters. Physiological and questionnaire assessments measured changes in CVD outcomes and quality of life (QOL) over 24 months. RESULTS Out of the 180 eligible patients, 134 patients were enrolled (74%) and 118 started the study protocols. At baseline (mean age=54, 17% female, 5% African American) participants had a high burden of clinical risk with nearly 70% reporting at least three CVD risk factors including, smoking (41%) and physical inactivity (57%). Mean mental and physical HRQOL scores were 1.5 SD below SF-12 population averages. CONCLUSION SMAHRT participants experienced substantial CVD morbidity and risk factors, poor symptom control, and decreased QOL. LGCC is the first integrated intervention for BD designed to mitigate suboptimal health outcomes by combining behavioral medicine and care management strategies.
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Patients' reports of the factors influencing medication adherence in bipolar disorder - an integrative review of the literature. Int J Nurs Stud 2011; 48:894-903. [PMID: 21481391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As with other long-term conditions patients with bipolar disorder are rarely totally adherent or non-adherent. Rates of non-adherence have not changed since the first introduction of psychotropic medications in the 1950s despite vast numbers of new compounds being marketed. Non-adherence with medication in bipolar disorder is associated with affective relapse and consequently poor quality of life. The reasons that patients are non-adherent with medication are not well understood by clinicians who often assume it is related to the illness itself. OBJECTIVES To identify patients' perceptions of medication adherence in bipolar disorder. DESIGN An integrated review of the literature published between 1999 and 2010. DATA SOURCES Ovid (Medline, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO) and manual searching. REVIEW METHODS An integrative review of the literature was conducted which included: (a) problem formation, (b) literature search and initial screening, (c) gathering data from studies, (d) evaluating study quality, (e) data analysis and integration, (f) data interpretation, and (g) presentation of the findings. RESULTS Thirteen articles met criteria for inclusion in the review. These articles identified how patients reported their perceptions on medication and were integrated into four categories: illness factors, personal attitudes and beliefs, medication factors and environmental factors. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a need to address adherence from the full range of influencing factors (patient, illness, medication and environmental). Clinicians need to utilise a collaborative approach to working together with patients in order to identify the meaning that patients attribute to the symptoms, diagnosis, prognosis and medication. Understanding patients' perceptions and accepting these may facilitate greater medication adherence and the consequent improved clinical outcomes for patients with bipolar disorder.
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Illness experience and reasons for nonadherence among individuals with bipolar disorder who are poorly adherent with medication. Compr Psychiatry 2011; 52:280-7. [PMID: 21497222 PMCID: PMC3140848 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Nonadherent individuals are the most likely to avoid participating in research studies, thus limiting potential opportunities to develop evidence-based approaches for adherence enhancement. This mixed-method analysis evaluated factors related to adherence among 20 poorly adherent community mental health clinic patients with bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS Illness experience was evaluated with qualitative interview. Quantitative assessments measured symptoms (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Young Mania Rating Scale, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale), adherence behavior, and treatment attitudes. Poor adherence was defined as missing 30% or more of medication. RESULTS Minorities (80%), unmarried individuals (95%), and those with substance abuse (65%) predominated in this nonadherent group of patients with BD. Individuals were substantially depressed (mean Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 19.2), had at least some manic symptoms (mean Young Mania Rating Scale, 13.6), and had moderate psychopathology (mean Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, 41.2). Rates of missed medications were 41% to 43%. Forgetting to take medications was the top reason for nonadherence (55%), followed by side effects (20%). Disorganized home environments (30%), concern regarding having to take long-term medications (25%) or fear of side effects (25%), and insufficient information regarding BD (35%) were relatively common. Almost one third of patients had individuals in their core social network who specifically advised against medication. Access problems included difficulty paying for medications among more than half of patients. Interestingly, patients reported good relationships with their providers. CONCLUSIONS Forgetting to take medication and problems with side effects are primary drivers of nonadherence. Lack of medication routines, unsupportive social networks, insufficient illness knowledge, and treatment access problems may likewise affect overall adherence. Complementary quantitative and qualitative data collection can identify reasons for nonadherence and may inform specific clinical approaches to enhance adherence.
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López-Castroman J, Baca-García E, Oquendo MA. Bipolar disorder: what effect does treatment adherence have on risk of suicidal behavior? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s2173-5050(09)70030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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