• Circulating mRNAs expressions
• Diabetes mellitus
• Fasting blood sugar
• Insulin resistance
• Physical activity
• Vascular biomarkers

• Humans
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Exercise/physiology
• Biomarkers/blood
• Adult
• Circulating MicroRNA/blood
• Aged
• Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/blood
• Young Adult
• Adolescent
• Apolipoprotein A-I/blood
• Follow-Up Studies
• MicroRNAs/blood
• Prognosis

• RSP2023R382 Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R382), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

• Chocolate
• Cytokines
• Glucose uptake
• Physical exercise
• Type 2 diabetes

• Activity behaviors
• Psychological factors
• Type 2 diabetes
• Youth

• Humans
• Female
• Sedentary Behavior
• Adolescent
• Male
• Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
• Stress, Psychological/metabolism
• Exercise/physiology
• Exercise/psychology
• Accelerometry
• Pilot Projects
• Ecological Momentary Assessment
• Blood Glucose/metabolism
• Child
• Glucose/metabolism

• K01 DK113062 NIDDK NIH HHS
• R01 HL119255 NHLBI NIH HHS

• Same session combined training
• diabetes mellitus
• endurance training
• glycated hemoglobin
• strength training

• Humans
• Middle Aged
• Body Composition/physiology
• Cardiorespiratory Fitness/physiology
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
• Exercise Therapy/methods
• Lipids/blood
• Resistance Training/methods
• Adult
• Aged

• : exercise
• atherosclerosis
• bruce protocol treadmill test
• c-reactive protein
• inflammation
• metabolic syndrome

• Antihyperglycaemic activity
• Antioxidant property
• Moringa oleifera
• Protein hydrolysate
• Type-2 diabetes

• diabetes type ii
• exercise
• prevention

• cardiovascular health
• exercise
• physical activity
• postprandial lipemia
• sedentary behavior

• Female
• Young Adult
• Humans
• Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism
• Blood Glucose/metabolism
• Triglycerides/metabolism
• Glucose/metabolism
• Hyperlipidemias/metabolism
• Adipose Tissue/metabolism
• Energy Metabolism/physiology
• Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/metabolism
• Insulins/metabolism
• Postprandial Period/physiology
• Insulin/metabolism
• Cross-Over Studies

• Exercise for Older People
• Glucose Metabolism Disorders
• High-Intensity Interval Training
• Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training

• Humans
• Aged
• High-Intensity Interval Training
• Glycemic Control
• Exercise
• Glucose/metabolism

• Moderate exercise
• Osteopontin
• Osteoporosis
• Ovariectomy
• Preptin

While exercise benefits a wide spectrum of diseases and affects most tissues and organs, many aspects of its underlying mechanistic effects remain unsolved. In vitro exercise, mimicking neuronal signals leading to muscle contraction in vitro, can be a valuable tool to address this issue. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched EMBASE and PubMed (from database inception to 4 February 2022) for relevant studies assessing in vitro exercise using electrical pulse stimulation to mimic exercise. Meta-analyses of mean differences and meta-regression analyses were conducted. Of 985 reports identified, 41 were eligible for analysis. We observed variability among existing protocols of in vitro exercise and heterogeneity among protocols of the same type of exercise. Our analyses showed that AMPK, Akt, IL-6, and PGC1a levels and glucose uptake increased in stimulated compared to non-stimulated cells, following the patterns of in vivo exercise, and that these effects correlated with the duration of stimulation. We conclude that in vitro exercise follows motifs of exercise in humans, allowing biological parameters, such as the aforementioned, to be valuable tools in defining the types of in vitro exercise. It might be useful in transferring obtained knowledge to human research.

• Exercise
• crocin
• diabetes mellitus
• organelle biogenesis

• Animals
• Carotenoids
• Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
• Dietary Supplements
• Liver/metabolism
• NF-kappa B
• Organelle Biogenesis
• Oxidation-Reduction
• Rats
• Sirtuin 1/genetics
• Sirtuin 1/metabolism
• Streptozocin
• Transcription Factors/metabolism

Obesity is commonly accompanied by chronic tissue inflammation and leads to insulin resistance. Aerobic exercise is an essential treatment for insulin resistance and has anti-inflammatory effects. However, the molecular mechanisms of exercise on obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance remain largely unknown. Here, we evaluated the effects of aerobic exercise on inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscles of high-fat diet (HFD) mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet or a normal diet for 12 weeks, and then aerobic training was performed on a treadmill for 8 weeks. Body weight, fasting blood glucose, food intake levels, and glucose and insulin tolerance were evaluated. The levels of cytokines, skeletal muscle insulin resistance, and inflammation were also analyzed. Eight weeks of aerobic exercise attenuated HFD-induced weight gain and glucose intolerance, and improved insulin sensitivity. This was accompanied by enhanced insulin signaling. Exercise directly resulted in a significant reduction of lipid content, inflammation, and macrophage infiltration in skeletal muscles. Moreover, exercise alleviated HFD-mediated inflammation by suppressing the activation of the NF-κB pathway within skeletal muscles. These results revealed that aerobic exercise could lead to an anti-inflammatory phenotype with protection from skeletal muscle insulin resistance in HFD-induced mice.

• NF-κB pathway
• aerobic exercise
• inflammation
• insulin resistance
• skeletal muscle

• T32 GM008433 NIGMS NIH HHS
• T32 GM145735 NIGMS NIH HHS

• P2X7 purinergic receptors
• aerobic exercise
• apoptosis
• cardiac remodeling
• diabetic cardiomyopathy
• fibrosis

• Acute exercise
• Cognitive performance
• Cortisol
• Learning
• Memory

• Humans
• Male
• Hydrocortisone/analysis
• Exercise/physiology
• Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/chemistry
• Pituitary-Adrenal System/chemistry
• Spatial Learning

• Body composition
• Fat mass
• HbA1c, Lean mass, Strength training, Subjective wellbeing

• Blood Glucose
• Body Composition
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
• Glycated Hemoglobin/metabolism
• Humans
• Resistance Training/methods

• Aerobic exercise
• Diabetes mellitus
• Mitochondria
• Programmed cell death
• Soleus muscle

• Animals
• Apoptosis
• Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
• Blood Glucose
• Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/therapy
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
• Male
• Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
• Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
• Physical Conditioning, Animal
• Probiotics/administration & dosage
• Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
• Rats
• Rats, Wistar
• Signal Transduction
• Streptozocin

Sprint-interval training (SIT) and intermittent fasting are effective independent methods in achieving clinical health outcomes. However, the impact of both modalities when performed concurrently is unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 6 weeks of SIT performed in the fasted versus fed state on physiological and clinical health markers in healthy adults. Methods. Thirty recreationally-active participants were equally randomised into either the fasted (FAS; 4 males, 11 females) or the fed (FED; 6 males, 9 females) group. For all exercise sessions, FAS participants had to fast ≥10 h prior to exercising while FED participants had to consume food within 3 h to exercise. All participants underwent three sessions of SIT per week for 6 weeks. Each session consists of repeated bouts of 30-s Wingate Anaerobic cycle exercise. Pre- and post-training peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak), isokinetic leg strength, insulin sensitivity, blood pressure and serum lipid levels were assessed. Results. There were no differences in baseline physiological and clinical measures between both groups (all p > 0.05). VO_2peak improved by 6.0 ± 8.8% in the FAS group and 5.3 ± 10.6% in the FED group (both p < 0.05), however the difference in improvement between groups was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). A similar pattern of results was seen for knee flexion maximum voluntary contraction at 300°·s⁻¹. SIT training in either fasted or fed state had no impact on insulin sensitivity (both p > 0.05). There was significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure (8.2 ± 4.2%) and mean arterial pressure (7.0 ± 3.2%) in the FAS group (both p < 0.05) but not FED group (both p > 0.05). Conclusion. VO_2peak and leg strength improved with SIT regardless of whether participants trained in the fasted or fed state. Chronic SIT in the fasted state may potentially reduce blood pressure to a greater extent than the same chronic SIT in the fed state.

•

SIT in the fasted state leads to a significant decrease in blood pressure.

• Blood pressure
• High intensity interval training
• Intermittent fasting
• Isokinetic knee strength
• Wingate

• adipokines
• dietary management
• exercise training
• metabolism

• Adipocytes/pathology
• Animals
• Blood Glucose/metabolism
• Cell Size
• Diet
• Diet, High-Protein
• Epididymis/pathology
• Glutathione/metabolism
• Inflammation/blood
• Insulin Resistance
• Intra-Abdominal Fat/pathology
• Male
• Organ Size
• Rats, Wistar
• Resistance Training
• Weight Gain
• Rats

• 408534/2016-8 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
• 001 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Obesity causes different diseases, eventually. In our study, the results of resistance exercises were examined on selected biochemical markers in Abha City, Saudi Arabia, which is at the height of 2,270 meters above sea level.

A randomized controlled research was conducted with 60 participants equally divided into three groups, 20 subjects in each group: group 1 was composed of obese people who received resistance training exercise, group 2 was composed of the obese control group who did not receive resistance training exercise, and group 3 was composed of normal individuals who received resistance exercise training. The resistance exercises were done in the 6th and 12th weeks. Biochemical blood tests were done.

Comparing to the control group, glucose decreased very little with insulin also showing little difference. It has been seen that TC, TG, and LDL reduced to a reasonable extent after resistance exercise, while HDL was increased (p ≤ 0.01). Plasma urea and creatinine showed no differences. Interleukin-6 and leptin decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.01), while there was a significant elevation in adiponectin and testosterone (p ≤ 0.01) once comparing group 1 with group 2 and group 3.

We have seen that resistance exercise helps in reducing lipid profile which will result in a decrease of the cardiac and related risk factors when conducted in obese patients in high-altitude regions. Also, alterations of the levels of interleukin-6, leptin, adiponectin, and testosterone showed that resistance exercise is of benefit and favourable in obese persons in high-altitude regions, which can also pave the way for added development of drugs related to the above parameters.

Insulin resistance (IR) is the common pathophysiological basis of many metabolic diseases. IR is characterized by decreased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, especially in skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is the main target tissue of glucose uptake under insulin stimulation. Glucose uptake by skeletal muscle is complex, and it is controlled by many pathways. The PI3K/AKt/GSK-1 signaling pathway is not only the main pathway for insulin signal transduction but also an important mechanism for regulating blood glucose. From the binding of insulin to its receptors on the surface of target cells to the transportation of glucose from extracellular fluid to skeletal muscle, a series of signal transduction processes is completed, any of which potentially affects the physiological effects of insulin and leads to IR. Resistance exercise (RT) can reduce skeletal muscle IR and effectively improve blood glucose control and glycosylated hemoglobin level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the exact mechanism by which RT improves skeletal muscle IR remains unclear. Therefore, this paper discusses the above problems by tracking the progress of the literature to deepen the correlation between RT and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and provide further evidence for the application of exercise therapy in IR. In conclusion, RT mainly improves insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle by increasing muscle mass, microvascular blood flow, and glucose transporter-4 expression in skeletal muscle, as well as by reducing lipid accumulation and inflammation in skeletal muscle. Thus, it is potentially useful in the prevention and treatment of T2DM.

• Resistance exercise
• Insulin sensitivity
• Insulin resistance
• Skeletal muscle
• Microvascular blood flow
• Muscle mass

Endurance training (ET) has multiple beneficial effects on cardiovascular health (CVH), but there is an evident lack of knowledge on differential effects of various types of ET on indices of CVH in women. The aim of this study was to analyse the effectiveness of two different types of ET on changes in indicators of CVH in apparently healthy adult women. The sample included 58 women (24 ± 3 years; height: 165 ± 6 cm, mass: 66.7 ± 7.2 kg, BMI: 24.3 ± 2.5 kg/m², at baseline) divided into one control non-exercising group (n = 19), and two exercising experimental groups (EE). The first EE participated in choreographed aerobic-endurance training (CAT; n = 19), while the second participated in treadmill-based endurance exercise (TEE; n = 20) during the experimental protocol (8 weeks, 24 training sessions). The testing included pre- and post-exercise protocols and measures of anthropometric/body composition indices, lipid panel, and endurance capacity. Two-way analysis of variance for repeated measurements with consecutive post hoc analysis was applied to the “group” and “measurement” variables. The main significant ANOVA effects found for measurement, and “Group x Measurement” interaction (p < 0.05) were found for all variables but body height. The EE induced positive changes in lipid panel variables, anthropometric/body-build status, and endurance capacity. However, TEE improved endurance capacity to a greater extent than CAT. The results suggest that that the optimal exercise intensity and self-chosen type of physical-activity may result in positive effects on indices of CVH, even in women of young age and good health status.

• aerobic dance
• aerobic endurance
• exercise
• health indicators
• physical capacity

• Adolescent
• Blood lipids
• Diabetes
• Exercise
• Fitness
• Obesity

• Football
• acute exercise
• adolescents
• metabolic health
• postprandial response

• Adapted physical activity
• Breast cancer
• Molecular markers
• Narrative review
• Signaling pathways

• High intensity interval training
• Meta-analysis
• Metabolic syndrome

• Biomarkers/analysis
• Body Composition
• Cardiac Rehabilitation
• Case-Control Studies
• High-Intensity Interval Training
• Humans
• Metabolic Syndrome/diagnosis
• Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism
• Metabolic Syndrome/therapy
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

• GOfit, Ingesport
• Coventry University

• Exercise modalities
• Glucose variability
• Hypoglycaemia
• Skeletal muscle signalling
• Type 1 diabetes

• Blood pressure
• Cardiometabolic markers
• Diabetes
• Glucose
• Insulin action
• Weight training

• Blood Glucose/metabolism
• Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/rehabilitation
• Humans
• Resistance Training

• Cognitive impairment
• Disease
• Inflammation
• Insulin resistance
• Memory loss

• Alzheimer Disease/etiology
• Alzheimer Disease/metabolism
• Alzheimer Disease/pathology
• Animals
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
• Glucose/metabolism
• Humans
• Inflammation/etiology
• Inflammation/metabolism
• Inflammation/pathology
• Insulin/metabolism
• Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins/metabolism
• Insulin Resistance

Epigenetic processes control timing and level of gene expression throughout life, during development, differentiation, and aging, and are the link to adapting gene expression profiles to environmental cues. To qualify for the definition of ‘epigenetic’, a change to a gene's activity must be inherited through at least one mitotic division. Epigenetic mechanisms link changes in the environment to adaptions of the genome that do not rely on changes in the DNA sequence. In the past two decades, multiple studies have aimed to identify epigenetic mechanisms, and to define their role in development, differentiation and disease.

In this review, we will focus on the current knowledge of the epigenetic control of pancreatic beta cell maturation and dysfunction and its relationship to the development of islet cell failure in diabetes. Most of the data currently available have been obtained in mice, but we will summarize studies of human data as well. We will focus here on DNA methylation, as this is the most stable epigenetic mark, and least impacted by the variables inherent in islet procurement, isolation, and culture.

DNA methylation patterns of beta cell are dynamic during maturation and during the diabetic process. In both cases, the changes occur at cell specific regulatory regions such as enhancers, where the methylation profile is cell type specific. Frequently, the differentially methylated regulatory elements are associated with key function genes such as PDX1, NKX6-1 and TCF7L2. During maturation, enhancers tend to become demethylated in association with increased activation of beta cell function genes and increased functionality, as indicated by glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Likewise, the changes to the DNA methylome that are present in pancreatic islets from diabetic donors are enriched in regulatory regions as well.

• Aging
• Beta cells
• DNA methylation
• Endocrine pancreas
• Epigenetics

Acute submaximal exercise and whey protein supplementation have been reported to improve postprandial metabolic and appetite responses to a subsequent meal independently. We aimed to examine the combination of these strategies on postprandial responses to a carbohydrate-rich breakfast.

Twelve centrally obese males (age 41 ± 3 years, waist circumference 123.4 ± 2.9 cm), completed three trials in a single-blind, crossover design. Participants rested for 30 min (CON) or completed 30 min low–moderate-intensity treadmill walking (51 ± 1% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${{\dot{V}O}}_{\text{2peak}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak) followed immediately by ingestion of 20 g whey protein (EX + PRO) or placebo (EX). After 15 min, a standardised breakfast was consumed and blood, expired gas and subjective appetite were sampled postprandially. After 240 min, an ad libitum lunch meal was provided to assess energy intake.

During EX + PRO, post-breakfast peak blood glucose was reduced when compared with EX and CON (EX + PRO: 7.6 ± 0.4 vs EX: 8.4 ± 0.3; CON: 8.3 ± 0.3 mmol l⁻¹, p ≤ 0.04). Early postprandial glucose AUC_0–60 min was significantly lower under EX + PRO than EX (p = 0.011), but not CON (p = 0.12). Over the full postprandial period, AUC_0–240 min during EX + PRO did not differ from other trials (p > 0.05). Peak plasma insulin concentrations and AUC_0–240 min were higher during EX + PRO than CON, but similar to EX. Plasma triglyceride concentrations, substrate oxidation and subjective appetite responses were similar across trials and ad libitum energy intake was not influenced by prior fasted exercise, nor its combination with whey protein supplementation (p > 0.05).

Following fasted low–moderate-intensity exercise, consuming whey protein before breakfast may improve postprandial glucose excursions, without influencing appetite or subsequent energy intake, in centrally obese males.

NCT02714309.

• Exercise
• Glycaemia
• Insulin
• Postprandial
• Whey protein

• Adult
• Appetite
• Blood Glucose
• Cross-Over Studies
• Energy Intake
• Humans
• Insulin
• Male
• Obesity
• Postprandial Period
• Single-Blind Method
• Whey
• Whey Proteins

• aging
• endurance and resistance training
• exercise
• gene expression
• sarcopenia
• skeletal muscle

• AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
• Aged
• Anthropometry
• Athletes
• Biopsy
• Calcium/metabolism
• Cellular Senescence
• Gene Expression Regulation
• Humans
• Inflammation
• Male
• Mitochondria/metabolism
• Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
• Physical Endurance
• Resistance Training
• Ribosomes/metabolism
• Sarcopenia/prevention & control
• Sedentary Behavior
• Signal Transduction
• TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
• Thyroid Hormones/metabolism
• Transcription, Genetic

• apoptosis
• exercise
• fasting
• immune function
• lymphocyte

Obesity associated with systemic inflammation induces insulin resistance (IR), with consequent chronic hyperglycemia. A series of reactions are involved in this process, including increased release of proinflammatory cytokines, and activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) receptors. Among the therapeutic tools available nowadays, physical exercise (PE) has a known hypoglycemic effect explained by complex molecular mechanisms, including an increase in insulin receptor phosphorylation, in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, in the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) pathway, with subsequent activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), Rac1, TBC1 domain family member 1 and 4 (TBC1D1 and TBC1D4), in addition to a variety of signaling molecules, such as GTPases, Rab and soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attached protein receptor (SNARE) proteins. These pathways promote greater translocation of GLUT4 and consequent glucose uptake by the skeletal muscle. Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase (PDK), atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) and some of its isoforms, such as PKC-iota/lambda also seem to play a fundamental role in the transport of glucose. In this sense, the association between autophagy and exercise has also demonstrated a relevant role in the uptake of muscle glucose. Insulin, in turn, uses a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent mechanism, while exercise signal may be triggered by the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The objective of this review is to describe the main molecular mechanisms of IR and the relationship between PE and glucose uptake.

In adolescence, health status is influenced by several factors, including dietary pattern and physical activity (PA) which are crucial elements of lifestyle in terms of prevention and treatment of metabolic and chronic diseases. The current study aimed to explore the impact of the different intensity levels of PA along with the adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MD), on body composition indices and metabolic parameters in a cohort of adolescents, thereby investigating potential predictors of health behavior in youth. This cross-sectional study was carried out among 92 participants (44 girls and 48 boys, aged 14 to 17 years), which were divided into the following three groups according to intensity levels of PA: Group A (physical inactivity), Group B (moderate PA), and Group C (vigorous-intensity PA). The Questionnaire of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (KIDMED test) was used to assess both diet composition and adherence to a MD. All subjects underwent anthropometric measurements, bio-impedentiometric analysis for body composition parameters, and biochemical and hormonal measurements. The majority of adolescents (60.87%) had a medium adherence to the MD, and even a better distribution of food rates was found in adolescents performing vigorous-intensity PA. A comparison of anthropometric measurements and body composition parameters among groups showed that body mass index and fat mass (FM) were significantly lower while body cell mass (BCM), free fat mass (FFM), phase angle (PhA), and total body water (TBW) were higher in Group C adolescents as compared with those of Group A. In Group C, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was reduced and insulin levels were inversely associated with FFM (r = −0.454 and p = 0.004) and directly correlated with FM (r = 0.331 and p = 0.003). In the same Group C, we observed elevated serum irisin levels and lower lipid profile markers as compared with Group A. Interestingly, irisin negatively correlated with both total cholesterol (r = −0.428 and p = 0.04) and LDL (r = −0.468 and p = 0.02) in Group C. Finally, a receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis revealed irisin, LDL, HDL, and body composition variables (FFM, BMC, PhA, and TBW) as the most predictive measures for vigorous-intensity PA. Our results highlight the importance of developing healthy lifestyle programs that include improving the intensity of PA among a young population as a superior strategy for ensuring a better quality of life.

• Mediterranean diet
• body composition
• healthy lifestyle
• irisin
• lipid profile marker
• physical activity

• Adolescent
• Biomarkers
• Body Composition
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Diet, Mediterranean
• Exercise
• Female
• Fibronectins/blood
• Health Behavior
• Healthy Lifestyle
• Humans
• Lipids/blood
• Male
• Nutrition Assessment
• Public Health Surveillance
• ROC Curve

The dawn phenomenon (DP) is the primary cause of difficulty in blood glucose management in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients, and the use of oral hypoglycemic agents has shown weak efficacy in controlling DP. Thus, this study is aimed at investigating the effect of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise before breakfast on the blood glucose level and glycemic variability in T2D patients with DP.

A total of 20 T2D patients with DP confirmed via continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) participated in the current study. After collecting baseline measurements by CGM as a control, CGM was reinstalled and 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise was performed prior to breakfast. Dawn blood glucose increase, blood glucose levels, and glycemic variability were measured before and after exercise.

Dawn blood glucose increase (ΔGlu, 1.25 ± 0.84vs.2.15 ± 1.07, P = 0.005), highest blood glucose value before breakfast (Gmax, 8.01 ± 1.16vs. 8.78 ± 1.09, P = 0.005), highest blood glucose value before breakfast (Gmax, 8.01 ± 1.16vs. 8.78 ± 1.09, P = 0.005), highest blood glucose value before breakfast (Gmax, 8.01 ± 1.16vs. 8.78 ± 1.09, P = 0.005), highest blood glucose value before breakfast (Gmax, 8.01 ± 1.16vs. 8.78 ± 1.09, P = 0.005), highest blood glucose value before breakfast (Gmax, 8.01 ± 1.16vs.2.15 ± 1.07, P = 0.005), highest blood glucose value before breakfast (Gmax, 8.01 ± 1.16vs.2.15 ± 1.07, P = 0.005), highest blood glucose value before breakfast (Gmax, 8.01 ± 1.16vs.2.15 ± 1.07, P = 0.005), highest blood glucose value before breakfast (Gmax, 8.01 ± 1.16

Acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise before breakfast reduced the morning rise of blood glucose in T2D patients, partially counteracting DP. Furthermore, exercise significantly reduced blood glucose fluctuations and improved blood glucose control throughout the day. We recommend that T2D patients with DP take moderate-intensity aerobic exercise before breakfast to improve DP and glycemic control.

• ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling
• DNA methylation
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus
• epigenetic
• histone modification
• insulin resistance
• non-coding RNA
• β cell.

• Exercise
• HIV infections
• acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
• blood glucose
• cholesterol

• Exercise
• Insulin resistance
• Insulin sensitivity
• Insulin-independent pathways
• Type II diabetes mellitus

• Exercise
• Glucose/metabolism
• Humans
• Insulin/metabolism
• Insulin Resistance
• Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism

Diabetes mellitus is associated with cardiovascular, ophthalmic, and renal comorbidities. Among these, diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) causes the most severe symptoms and is considered to be a major health problem worldwide. Exercise is widely known as an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of many chronic diseases. Importantly, the onset of complications arising due to diabetes can be delayed or even prevented by exercise. Regular exercise is reported to have positive effects on diabetes mellitus and the development of DCM. The protective effects of exercise include prevention of cardiac apoptosis, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and microvascular diseases, as well as improvement in cardiac mitochondrial function and calcium regulation. This review summarizes the recent scientific findings to describe the potential mechanisms by which exercise may prevent DCM and heart failure.

• cardiomyopathy
• diabetes
• exercise
• heart failure