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Moore DC, Notley SR, Aisbett B, Main LC. The cumulative effects of consecutive days of prolonged, physical work or activity on heat strain and physical performance: a systematic review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2025; 50:1-14. [PMID: 39889274 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2024-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2025]
Abstract
With climate warming, there is an urgent need to understand the health effects of occupational heat exposure. This systematic review examined the cumulative effects of consecutive days of prolonged physical work or activity on heat strain and physical performance. Electronic databases MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, PsychInfo, and Academic Search Complete were searched until July 2024 with terms related to work, consecutive days, and heat. Studies were included if they involved ≥4 h of physical work/activity on ≥2 consecutive days, and included a measure of heat strain (e.g., core temperature) or physical performance (e.g., repetitions). After removing duplicates, 6030 studies were screened (title and abstract), 133 progressed to full-text screening, and 33 met the inclusion criteria with risk of bias assessed. However, only five studies used standardized environmental and work conditions across days. Synthesis of the cumulative effects (without meta-analysis) was therefore restricted to these studies. None observed a cumulative impact on heat strain, as indexed by a higher core temperature or heart rate compared to day 1. None reported a reduction in physical task performance across days. These findings indicate that the cumulative effects of occupational heat exposure on heat strain and physical task performance were minimal, although evidence supporting this conclusion is sparse. PROSPERO registration: CRD42023452936.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Moore
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sean R Notley
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brad Aisbett
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Australia
| | - Luana C Main
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Australia
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Hannerz H. Long working hours and health in Denmark: a post hoc analysis of three cohort studies. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:3259. [PMID: 39580407 PMCID: PMC11585935 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-20754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 11/14/2024] [Indexed: 11/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To protect the safety and health of workers, national legislations often stipulate an upper limit to weekly working time. The purpose of the present study was to provide information that may facilitate the obtainment of evidence-based limits to weekly working time. OBJECTIVE To estimate incidence rate ratios (RRs) of (i) hospital treatment or death due to accidental injuries, (ii) redeemed prescriptions for psychotropic drugs and (iii) redeemed prescriptions for antihypertensive drugs, respectively, as continuous functions of weekly working hours among employees in the general population of Denmark. METHODS Baseline data on working time arrangements were obtained from the Danish Labor Force Surveys of 1999-2013. Follow-ups with a mean duration of 1.8, 4.0 and 6.6 years for accidental injuries, psychotropic drugs and antihypertensive drugs, respectively, were accomplished through national registers. Adjusted RRs were obtained through Poisson regression in the interval 32-80 weekly working hours (wwh). The reference (standard working hours) was set at 37 wwh. RR estimates were interpreted in accordance with a modified version of Monson's guide to strength of associations, in which a RR in the open interval 0.83 to 1.2 is classified as 'no association' (too weak to be detected by observational studies). RESULTS The estimated RRs as well as the upper and lower limits of their 95% confidence intervals lied within the no-association zone throughout the intervals 32-76, 32-64 and 32-69 wwh, for accidental injury, psychotropic drug use and antihypertensive drug use, respectively. The estimated RRs for psychotropic drug use decreased from 1.08 (95% CI: 1.03-1.13) at 32 wwh to 0.96 (0.93-0.99) at 45 wwh. They thereafter increased to 1.00 (0.95-1.06) at 55 wwh and 1.31 (1.08-1.63) at 80 wwh. The estimated RRs for accidental injury and antihypertensive drug use increased slowly from 1.00 at 37 wwh to 1.04 (0.88-1.24) and 1.11 (0.94-1.31), respectively, at 80 wwh. CONCLUSION These results suggest that, from a societal perspective, the effect of wwh on the rates of these types of morbidity is negligible throughout the interval 32-64 wwh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hannerz
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, 105 Lersø Parkallé, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark.
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Bufano P, Di Tecco C, Fattori A, Barnini T, Comotti A, Ciocan C, Ferrari L, Mastorci F, Laurino M, Bonzini M. The effects of work on cognitive functions: a systematic review. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1351625. [PMID: 38784613 PMCID: PMC11112082 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1351625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cognitive functions play a crucial role in individual's life since they represent the mental abilities necessary to perform any activity. During working life, having healthy cognitive functioning is essential for the proper performance of work, but it is especially crucial for preserving cognitive abilities and thus ensuring healthy cognitive aging after retirement. The aim of this paper was to systematically review the scientific literature related to the effects of work on cognitive functions to assess which work-related factors most adversely affect them. Method We queried the PubMed and Scopus electronic databases, in February 2023, according to the PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO ID number = CRD42023439172), and articles were included if they met all the inclusion criteria and survived a quality assessment. From an initial pool of 61,781 papers, we retained a final sample of 64 articles, which were divided into 5 categories based on work-related factors: shift work (n = 39), sedentary work (n = 7), occupational stress (n = 12), prolonged working hours (n = 3), and expertise (n = 3). Results The results showed that shift work, occupational stress, and, probably, prolonged working hours have detrimental effects on cognitive functioning; instead, results related to sedentary work and expertise on cognitive functions are inconclusive and extremely miscellaneous. Discussion Therefore, workplace health and well-being promotion should consider reducing or rescheduling night shift, the creation of less demanding and more resourceful work environments and the use of micro-breaks to preserve workers' cognitive functioning both before and after retirement. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023439172, identifier CRD42023439172.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Bufano
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Di Tecco
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Fattori
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Barnini
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Comotti
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Catalina Ciocan
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Mastorci
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Laurino
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonzini
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Cunningham TR, Guerin RJ, Ferguson J, Cavallari J. Work-related fatigue: A hazard for workers experiencing disproportionate occupational risks. Am J Ind Med 2022; 65:913-925. [PMID: 35088430 PMCID: PMC9325913 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long working hours and fatigue are significant occupational safety and health (OSH) hazards for working populations who experience disproportionate risks of injury and illness. These groups include young or new workers, aging workers, contingent and temporary workers, immigrant and nonnative workers, female workers, minority workers, workers with low levels of education and lower socioeconomic status, and small business employees. An increasing focus on newer determinants of health in the workplace, such as health equity and work-life conflict, in worker populations at greater risk for injury or illness, provides an opportunity for researchers to address the causes and consequences of work-related fatigue in high-risk populations. METHODS Articles in the OSH literature that addressed fatigue in higher-risk workers were identified by the authors or recommended by subject matter experts in workplace fatigue as part of a Working Hours, Sleep and Fatigue Forum. Additional articles were identified by searching for a combination of specific at-risk worker group titles (e.g., female workers, temporary workers) with fatigue or working hours. RESULTS There remains a paucity of research specifically addressing working hours and fatigue among disproportionately at-risk worker populations. The literature reviewed in this paper suggests that several of these populations are at increased risk of fatigue due to multiple factors, such as irregular shifts, lack of access to fatigue management resources, and socioeconomic barriers. CONCLUSIONS More research is needed to identify solutions to address fatigue in working populations who may be at greater risk for its consequences by virtue of adverse socioeconomic and related factors. Interventions to address work-related fatigue in specific at-risk worker groups should also consider the multiple and overlapping categories of risk within these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Cunningham
- Division of Science Integration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Heath, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Guerin
- Division of Science Integration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Heath, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jacqueline Ferguson
- School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA,School of Medicine, Stanford Center for Population Health Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Cavallari
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Li W, Ruan W, Chen Z, Yi G, Lu Z, Wang D. A meta-analysis of observational studies including dose-response relationship between long working hours and risk of obesity. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:837-845. [PMID: 33713311 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis with stick reference and uniform cut-off of obesity to evaluate the relationship between long working hours and risk of obesity, using a quantitative dose-response method. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched through February 26, 2021, odds ratios (ORs) were pooled by using random-effects models and restricted cubic spline analysis with four knots was used to explore the dose-response relationship of working time and risk of obesity. Ten observational studies with 20 independent reports involving 189,590 participants were included in the present analysis. The summarized adjusted OR for the relationship between long working hours and obesity risk was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.01 to 1.26), when compared with weekly working hours less than and equal to 40 h using the random-effects model. A J-shaped association between long working hours and risk of obesity was observed (P < 0.001 for nonlinearity) for the dose-response relationship. Exclusion of any single study did not alter the combined relative risk. Individuals involved in long working hours are more likely to be obesity. Further studies are needed to confirm the results, and optimized and proper job arrangement should be established for improving the health of workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wenyu Ruan
- Shangluo Central Hospital, Shangluo, Shanxi, 726000, P. R. China
| | - Zhenlong Chen
- Wuhan Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Wuhan, 430015, Hubei, China
| | - Guilin Yi
- Wuhan Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Wuhan, 430015, Hubei, China
| | - Zuxun Lu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Dongming Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Chen YH, Tsai CF, Yeh CJ, Jong GP. Is burnout a mediating factor between sharps injury and work-related factors or musculoskeletal pain? World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:7391-7404. [PMID: 34616806 PMCID: PMC8464475 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i25.7391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burnout, musculoskeletal pain, and sharps injuries (SIs) affect medical workers. AIM To establish a model between SIs, burnout, and the risk factors to assess the extent to which burnout affects SIs. METHODS This questionnaire was used for an observational and cross-sectional study, which was based on members at a hospital affiliated with a medical university in Taichung, Taiwan, in 2020. The valid responses constituted 68.5% (1734 of 2531). The items were drawn from the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and Copenhagen burnout inventory and concerned work experience, occupational category, presence of chronic diseases, sleep duration, overtime work, and work schedule. Factor analysis, chi-square test, Fisher exact test, Multiple linear, logistic regression and Sobel test were conducted. The present analyses were performed using SAS Enterprise Guide 6.1 software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, United States), and significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS Personal and work-related burnout ranks, sex, work experience ranks, occupational groups, drinking in the past month, sleep duration per day, presence of chronic diseases, overtime work ranks, and work schedule were associated with SIs. Frequent upper limb and lower limb pain (pain occurring every day or once a week) determined to be related to SIs. High personal burnout (> Q3) and high work-related burnout (> Q3) mediated the relationship between SIs and frequent lower limb pain. Similarly, frequent lower limb pain mediated the relationship of SIs with high personal and high work-related burnout. High personal and high work-related burnout mediated the relationships of SIs with overtime work and irregular shift work. The mediating model provides strong evidence of an association between mental health and SIs. CONCLUSION Burnout was determined to contribute to SIs occurrence; specifically, it mediated the relationships of SIs with frequent musculoskeletal pain, overtime work, and irregular shift work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hsin Chen
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Feng Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Yeh
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Ping Jong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital and Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
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Liu X, Wang C, Wang J, Ji Y, Li S. Effect of long working hours and insomnia on depressive symptoms among employees of Chinese internet companies. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1408. [PMID: 34271904 PMCID: PMC8283851 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In China, long working hours and insomnia are relatively common among internet company employees. Considering that both can affect mental health, we examined their independent and interaction effects on these employees' depressive symptoms (DS). METHODS We analyzed data from the 2016 occupational health questionnaire survey conducted in 35 large-, medium-, and small-scale internet companies. Overall, 3589 full-time employees were recruited to evaluate the association among working hours, insomnia, and DS. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess DS. The association of DS (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) with working hours (≤40, 41-50, 51-60, and > 60 h/week), insomnia (with or without), and interaction of both was estimated using multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Compared with the group working for ≤40 h/week, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for DS among participants who worked for 41-50 h/week, 51-60 h/week, and > 60 h/week were 1.32 (1.11-1.56), 1.74 (1.35-2.24), and 2.54 (1.90-3.39), respectively. The ORs for DS among those with insomnia were 2.36 (2.04-2.74) after adjusting for general characteristics. The ORs for DS related to insomnia were similar [1.91 (1.46-2.50), 2.00 (1.61-2.50), respectively] in the participants who worked for < 50 h/week. However, among participants working for 51-60 h or > 60 h/week, the adjusted ORs for DS substantially increased to 4.62 (2.90-7.37) and 5.60 (3.36-9.33), respectively. Moreover, among the participants with insomnia, working overtime showed a greater association with DS. CONCLUSIONS We showed that long working hours and insomnia are independent factors associated with the prevalence of DS; furthermore, an interaction effect of long working hours and insomnia on DS was observed. For relieving DS in internet company employees, it is important to reduce insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Liu
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China, 100050
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China, 100191
| | - Jin Wang
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China, 100050
| | - Yuqing Ji
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China, 100050
| | - Shuang Li
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China, 100050.
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Amengual JL, Ben Hamed S. Revisiting Persistent Neuronal Activity During Covert Spatial Attention. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:679796. [PMID: 34276314 PMCID: PMC8278237 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.679796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent activity has been observed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), in particular during the delay periods of visual attention tasks. Classical approaches based on the average activity over multiple trials have revealed that such an activity encodes the information about the attentional instruction provided in such tasks. However, single-trial approaches have shown that activity in this area is rather sparse than persistent and highly heterogeneous not only within the trials but also between the different trials. Thus, this observation raised the question of how persistent the actually persistent attention-related prefrontal activity is and how it contributes to spatial attention. In this paper, we review recent evidence of precisely deconstructing the persistence of the neural activity in the PFC in the context of attention orienting. The inclusion of machine-learning methods for decoding the information reveals that attention orienting is a highly dynamic process, possessing intrinsic oscillatory dynamics working at multiple timescales spanning from milliseconds to minutes. Dimensionality reduction methods further show that this persistent activity dynamically incorporates multiple sources of information. This novel framework reflects a high complexity in the neural representation of the attention-related information in the PFC, and how its computational organization predicts behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian L Amengual
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS UMR 5229, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 67 Boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Suliann Ben Hamed
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS UMR 5229, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 67 Boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
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Beside and Behind the Wheel: Factors that Influence Driving Stress and Driving Behavior. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13094775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A large percentage of traffic accidents are due to human errors. Driving behavior and driving stress influence the probability of making these mistakes. Both are influenced by multiple factors, among which might be elements such as age, gender, sleeping hours, or working hours. The objective of this paper is to study, in a real scenario and without forcing the driver’s state, the relationship between driving behavior, driving stress, and these elements. Furthermore, we aim to provide guidelines to improve driving assistants. In this study, we used 1050 driving samples obtained from 35 volunteers. The driving samples correspond to regular commutes from home to the workplace. ANOVA and ANCOVA tests were carried out to check if there are significant differences in the four factors analyzed. Although the results show that driving behavior and driving stress are affected by gender, age, and sleeping hours, the most critical variable is working hours. Drivers with long working days suffer significantly more driving stress compared to other drivers, with the corresponding effect on their driving style. These drivers were the worst at maintaining the safety distance.
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Lee S, Choi JY, Lee W. The Impact of Long Working Hours on Cognitive Function: A Follow-Up Study with Gender Stratification. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:727-734. [PMID: 33579851 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that long working hours can have adverse consequences on health and possibly trigger biological processes that mediate the relationship between long working hours and cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether long working hours and the overall duration such exposure is associated with a decline in cognitive function. METHODS Data obtained during the Korean Longitudinal Study on Aging (n = 2,518) during the period 2006-2018 were used to explore the relationship between long working hours and cognitive decline. Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) scores were used to evaluate cognitive function. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), which were used to evaluate declines in K-MMSE scores over the 12-year study period. RESULTS Overall HR (95% CI) for a decline in cognitive function in long working hours group was 1.13 (0.73-1.17). When categorized by sex, women with long working hours had an HR (95% CI) of 1.50 (1.05-2.22), K-MMSE scores decreased significantly after working long hours for 5 years (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The study furthers understanding of the effects of long working hours on cognitive decline among female workers. Further research is required to determine the effects of long working hours on cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyun Lee
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Joon Yul Choi
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wanhyung Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Hannerz H, Albertsen K, Nielsen ML, Garde AH. Long working hours and psychiatric treatment: A Danish follow-up study. Scand J Work Environ Health 2020; 47:191-199. [PMID: 33200794 PMCID: PMC8126440 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.3936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to estimate prospective associations between long working hours and (i) redeemed prescriptions for psychotropic drugs and (ii) psychiatric hospital treatment due to mood, anxiety or stress-related disease, among full-time employees in Denmark. Methods: Full-time employees who participated in the Danish Labor Force Survey sometime in the period 2000–2013 (N=131 321] were followed for up to five years in national registers for redeemed prescriptions for psychotropic drugs and psychiatric hospital treatment due to mood, anxiety or stress-related disease. Rate ratios (RR) were estimated for 41–48 versus 32–40 and >48 versus 32–40 working hours a week. The analyses were controlled for sex, age, night shift work, calendar time of the interview and socioeconomic status (SES). Prevalent cases were excluded in primary analyses. Results: The RR for psychotropic drugs were estimated at 0.94 [99% confidence interval (CI) 0.88–1.01] for 41–48 versus 32–40 working hours a week and 1.08 (99% CI 0.99–1.18) for >48 versus 32–40 working hours a week. The corresponding RR for psychiatric hospital treatments were estimated at 0.90 (95% CI 0.75–1.08) and 0.96 (95% CI 0.76–1.21). We did not find any statistically significant interaction between weekly working hours and age, sex, SES or night shift work. Conclusion: Long working hours as they occur in in the general working population of Denmark are not an important predictor of mental ill health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hannerz
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Farasat M, Azam A, Hassan H. Supervisor bottom-line mentality, workaholism, and workplace cheating behavior: the moderating effect of employee entitlement. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2020.1835483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mobina Farasat
- FAST School of Management, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
| | - Akbar Azam
- FAST School of Management, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
| | - Hamid Hassan
- FAST School of Management, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
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Charles LE, Fekedulegn D, Burchfiel CM, Fujishiro K, Al Hazzouri AZ, Fitzpatrick AL, Rapp SR. Work Hours and Cognitive Function: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Saf Health Work 2020; 11:178-186. [PMID: 32596013 PMCID: PMC7303534 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive impairment is a public health burden. Our objective was to investigate associations between work hours and cognitive function. Methods Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants (n = 2,497; 50.7% men; age range 44–84 years) reported hours per week worked in all jobs in Exams 1 (2000–2002), 2 (2002–2004), 3 (2004–2005), and 5 (2010–2011). Cognitive function was assessed (Exam 5) using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (version 2), a measure of global cognitive functioning; the Digit Symbol Coding, a measure of processing speed; and the Digit Span test, a measure of attention and working memory. We used a prospective approach and linear regression to assess associations for every 10 hours of work. Results Among all participants, associations of hours worked with cognitive function of any type were not statistically significant. In occupation-stratified analyses (interaction p = 0.051), longer work hours were associated with poorer global cognitive function among Sales/Office and blue-collar workers, after adjustment for age, sex, physical activity, body mass index, race/ethnicity, educational level, annual income, history of heart attack, diabetes, apolipoprotein E-epsilon 4 allele (ApoE4) status, birth-place, number of years in the United States, language spoken at MESA Exam 1, and work hours at Exam 5 (β = –0.55, 95% CI = –0.99, –0.09) and (β = –0.80, –1.51, –0.09), respectively. In occupation-stratified analyses (interaction p = 0.040), we also observed an inverse association with processing speed among blue-collar workers (adjusted β = –0.80, –1.52, –0.07). Sex, race/ethnicity, and ApoE4 did not significantly modify associations between work hours and cognitive function. Conclusion Weak inverse associations were observed between work hours and cognitive function among Sales/Office and blue-collar workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luenda E. Charles
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Corresponding author. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, HELD/BEB, MS L-4050, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888, USA.
| | - Desta Fekedulegn
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Cecil M. Burchfiel
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kaori Fujishiro
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluation, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Annette L. Fitzpatrick
- Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen R. Rapp
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Hannerz H, Albertsen K, Nielsen ML, Garde AH. Prospective Associations Between Working Time Arrangements and Psychiatric Treatment in Denmark: Protocol for a Cohort Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e18236. [PMID: 32442158 PMCID: PMC7351261 DOI: 10.2196/18236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of mental ill health in working-age populations has prompted research on possible links between work-related factors and mental ill health. Long working hours and night shift work are some of the factors that have been studied in relation to the risk of developing mental ill health. Yet, previous studies have not generated conclusive evidence, and further studies of high quality are needed. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the prospective association between working time arrangements and mental health in terms of psychotropic drug usage or psychiatric hospital treatment in the general working population of Denmark. METHODS Data on total weekly working hours in any job and night shift work from the Danish Labor Force Survey 2000-2013 will be linked to data from the Psychiatric Central Research Register (expected 2400 cases during 700,000 person years at risk) and National Prescription Registry (expected 17,400 cases during 600,000 person years at risk). Participants will be followed for up to 5 years. We will use Poisson regression to separately analyze incidence rates of redeemed prescriptions for psychotropic medicine and incidence rates of psychiatric hospital treatment due to mood disorders, anxiety disorders, or stress-related disorders as a function of weekly working hours and night shift work. The analyses will be controlled for sex, age, calendar time of the interview, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS This is a study protocol. Power calculations indicate that the study has sufficient statistical power to detect relatively small differences in risks and minor interactions (eg, ~90% power to detect a rate ratio of 1.1 for psychoactive medication use). We expect the analyses to be completed by the end of 2020 and the results to be published in 2021. CONCLUSIONS In this study protocol, all hypotheses and statistical models of the project have been completely defined before we link the exposure data to the outcome data. The results of the project will indicate to what extent and in what direction the national burden of mental ill health in Denmark has been influenced by long working hours and night shift work. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/18236.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hannerz
- The National Research Center for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Anne Helene Garde
- The National Research Center for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Nabe-Nielsen K, Hansen ÅM, Ishtiak-Ahmed K, Grynderup MB, Gyntelberg F, Islamoska S, Mortensen EL, Phung TKT, Rod NH, Waldemar G, Westendorp RGJ, Garde AH. Night shift work, long working hours and dementia: a longitudinal study of the Danish Work Environment Cohort Study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027027. [PMID: 31129586 PMCID: PMC6538206 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Shift work and long working hours are potential risk factors for dementia, but previous studies on shift work, long working hours and dementia are sparse and their findings are conflicting. Therefore, we investigated the effect of night shift work and long working hours on dementia. DESIGN A longitudinal study. SETTING Denmark. PARTICIPANTS 3435 occupationally active men and women from the general working population. METHODS Work schedule covered day work (reference) and shift schedules without/with night work. Working hours covered <27, 28-36, 37 (reference), 38-44, and ≥45 hours/week. As the primary outcome, we used register-based information about dementia, and estimated incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% CI. Estimates were adjusted for gender, age, psychosocial work factors and cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS We identified 85 dementia cases during a mean of 9.8 years of follow-up. We found a positive, but statistically insignificant association between night shift work and dementia (IRR=2.01; 95% CI: 0.87-4.65). Post hoc analyses indicated that this was only due to a higher risk in permanent night workers (IRR=3.25; 95% CI: 1.35-7.83). The dementia risk was also significantly higher among participants working 38-44 hours/week (IRR=2.08; 95% CI: 1.11-3.90) compared with those working 37 hours/week. We found no indications of a higher risk of dementia in participants working <37 hours/week or ≥45 hours/week. CONCLUSION We did not find arguments that night shift work or long working hours increased dementia risk in general. However, we found a higher risk of dementia in specific subgroups, that is, permanent night workers and employees with moderately longer weekly working hours than the standard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Åse Marie Hansen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kazi Ishtiak-Ahmed
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Finn Gyntelberg
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sabrina Islamoska
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Lykke Mortensen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thien Kieu Thi Phung
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Naja Hulvej Rod
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunhild Waldemar
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rudi G J Westendorp
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Helene Garde
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hino A, Inoue A, Mafune K, Hiro H. The effect of changes in overtime work hours on depressive symptoms among Japanese white-collar workers: A 2-year follow-up study. J Occup Health 2019; 61:320-327. [PMID: 31041854 PMCID: PMC6620753 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of changes in overtime work hours on depressive symptoms among Japanese white-collar workers. METHODS Participant data were collected from a company's annual mental health survey in June 2013 and June 2014. The participants comprised 922 workers who responded to the survey in both the years and had records of monthly working hours in the past 2 years. We obtained information on monthly working hours from personnel records from June 2012 to May 2014. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire. Changes in overtime work hours were measured by creating a five-category variable for each monthly average of overtime work hours in the past year: (a) stable short, (b) decreased, (c) stable medium, (d) increased, and (e) stable long groups. Analysis of covariance was conducted to estimate the degree of depressive symptoms of each group for changes in overtime work hours. RESULTS Significant differences among the groups were observed (F = 3.67, P = 0.006). In the Bonferroni multiple comparison test, significantly lower depressive symptoms were observed in the decreased group (point estimate = 9.56) compared to the stable short (10.76), stable medium (10.71), and increased groups (10.99). There was no significant difference between the decreased group and the stable long group (10.98). CONCLUSIONS A decrease in overtime work hours may prevent the deterioration of mental health. This knowledge could support the necessity of mental health measures through decreasing overtime work hours proposed by national policy in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Hino
- Department of Mental Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Akiomi Inoue
- Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kosuke Mafune
- Department of Mental Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hisanori Hiro
- Department of Mental Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Friedman LS, Almberg KS, Cohen RA. Injuries associated with long working hours among employees in the US mining industry: risk factors and adverse outcomes. Occup Environ Med 2019; 76:389-395. [PMID: 30979785 PMCID: PMC6585269 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The mining industry is increasingly adopting extended workdays of 10–12 hour shifts. Studies demonstrate that long work hours are associated with psychomotor impairments caused by fatigue and an increased risk of injury. However, studies involving miners remain limited. This analysis aimed to identify risk factors associated with long working hour injuries and to determine if long working hour incidents were associated with being killed or incidents involving multiple injured workers. Methods Data from US Mine Safety and Health Administration Part 50 reports, 1983–2015, were used to identify long working hour injuries, which were defined as incidents occurring nine or more hours after the start of a shift. Results A total of 52 206 injuries (9.6%) occurred during long working hours. The proportion of long working hour injuries increased from 5.5% of all injuries in 1983 to its peak in 2015 at 13.9% (p<0.001). Risk factors associated with long working hour injuries included irregular shift starts, being newly employed, employment by a contractor, metal/non-metal operations and mines with <100 employees. In two separate adjusted models, long working hour injuries were associated with a higher odds of death (adjusted OR [aOR]=1.32; 95% CI 1.18 to 1.48) and single incidents resulting in two or more workers injured (aOR=1.73; 95% CI 1.58 to 1.89). Conclusions Long working hour injuries were associated with a lack of routine, being new at the mine and specific mining activities. An international shift towards using contract labour and extended workdays indicates that injuries during long working hours will likely continue to grow as a problem in the mining industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee S Friedman
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kirsten S Almberg
- School of Public Health, Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert A Cohen
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Müller G, Tisch A, Wöhrmann AM. The impact of long working hours on the health of German employees. GERMAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PERSONALFORSCHUNG 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2397002218786020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Excessive working hours have negative consequences for employees’ health. Looking deeper into this problem, this article examines how employers’ needs for more intense working or more flexible working hours affect their employees’ psychosomatic health. A German representative survey of 13,452 full-time employees found that long working hours, work intensity (deadline and performance pressure) and flexibility requirements (permanent availability, changes in working hours) were significantly related to psychosomatic health complaints. When considering future work design and practices, these findings show which unfavourable working conditions are to be avoided to maintain the psychosomatic health of employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grit Müller
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Germany
| | - Anita Tisch
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Germany
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Impact of Age and Hearing Impairment on Work Performance during Long Working Hours. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15010098. [PMID: 29315260 PMCID: PMC5800197 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Based on demographic prognoses, it must be assumed that a greater number of older workers will be found in the future labor market. How to deal with their possible age-related impairments of sensory functions, like hearing impairment and work performance during extended working time, has not been addressed explicitly until now. The study addresses this interplay. The study was performed on two consecutive days after normal working hours. The 55 participants had to “work” in the study at least three additional hours to simulate a situation of long working hours. The tested measures for (job) performance were: general attention, long-term selective attention, concentration, and reaction time. All of the investigated variables were taken at both days of the study (2 × 2 × 2 repeated measurement design). The results show effects for age, the interaction of hearing impairment and time of measurement, and effects of the measurement time. Older participants reacted slower than younger participants did. Furthermore, younger participants reacted more frequently in a correct way. Hearing impairment seems to have a negative impact especially on measures of false reactions, and therefore especially on measurement time 1. The results can be interpreted in a way that hearing-impaired participants are able to compensate their deficits over time.
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20
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Ahn S. Working hours and depressive symptoms over 7 years: evidence from a Korean panel study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2017; 91:273-283. [PMID: 29138936 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-017-1278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to examine how working hours influence depressive symptoms and the association between working hours and depressive symptoms differently across genders. METHOD The sample consists of salaried workers aged 25-64 years who participated in two consecutive waves of the seven-wave Korean Welfare Panel Study (2007-2013) (n = 6813 individuals, 27,986 observations) which is a survey of a nationally representative sample of the South Korean population. I apply logit regression and fixed-effects logit regression to examine the causal relation between (intra-)individual changes of working hours and depressive symptoms over a 7-year period. RESULTS Results from logit model and fixed-effects logit model show that less than 30 h of work per week and more than 60 h of work per week are associated with significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms. Sex-stratified analyses reveal that women who worked over 60 h per week were at increased risk of showing depressive symptoms compared with women who worked 30-40 h per week. No significant increase in depressive symptoms was seen in men who worked more than 60 h per week. However, men working less than 30 h per week are more likely to report higher levels of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that work arrangement affects the mental health of men and women differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeon Ahn
- National Pension Research Institute, 180 Giji-ro, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea.
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21
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Nakata A. Long working hours, job satisfaction, and depressive symptoms: a community-based cross-sectional study among Japanese employees in small- and medium-scale businesses. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53041-53052. [PMID: 28881792 PMCID: PMC5581091 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although long working hours have been suspected to be a risk factor for depressive symptoms (DS), it is not well understood the conditions under which long working hours are associated with it. This study investigated the moderating effect of job satisfaction on the relationship between working hours and DS. A total of 2,375 full-time non-shift day workers (73% men), aged 18-79 (mean 45) years, in 296 small- and medium-scale businesses were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire evaluating working hours, job satisfaction, DS and covariates. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D) was used to assess DS. Risk of DS (CES-D ≥ 16) by working hours, job satisfaction, and both combined was estimated by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Compared to participants working 6-8 hrs/day, those working 12+ hrs/day had significantly higher odds of DS (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.49), while participants with low satisfaction, as opposed to high satisfaction, had increased odds of DS (aOR 1.81). Furthermore, compared to those working 6-8 hrs/day with high satisfaction (reference group), participants working 6-8 hrs/day, > 8 to 10 hrs/day, and > 10 hrs/day combined with low satisfaction had dose-response increase of DS (aOR 1.48, 2.21 and 2.31, respectively, p < 0.05), whereas those working > 8 to 10 hrs/day and > 10 hrs/day combined with high satisfaction had not (aOR 0.93 and 1.39, respectively, p > 0.10). The results suggest that long working hours are associated with increased risk of DS only under reduced job satisfaction condition, which highlights the importance of improving job satisfaction, particularly among those working excessive hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Nakata
- School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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22
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Conway SH, Pompeii LA, Gimeno Ruiz de Porras D, Follis JL, Roberts RE. The Identification of a Threshold of Long Work Hours for Predicting Elevated Risks of Adverse Health Outcomes. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 186:173-183. [PMID: 28459945 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Working long hours has been associated with adverse health outcomes. However, a definition of long work hours relative to adverse health risk has not been established. Repeated measures of work hours among approximately 2,000 participants from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (1986-2011), conducted in the United States, were retrospectively analyzed to derive statistically optimized cutpoints of long work hours that best predicted three health outcomes. Work-hours cutpoints were assessed for model fit, calibration, and discrimination separately for the outcomes of poor self-reported general health, incident cardiovascular disease, and incident cancer. For each outcome, the work-hours threshold that best predicted increased risk was 52 hours per week or more for a minimum of 10 years. Workers exposed at this level had a higher risk of poor self-reported general health (relative risk (RR) = 1.28; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.53), cardiovascular disease (RR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.24, 1.63), and cancer (RR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.22, 2.17) compared with those working 35-51 hours per week for the same duration. This study provides the first health risk-based definition of long work hours. Further examination of the predictive power of this cutpoint on other health outcomes and in other study populations is needed.
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Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests long work hours adversely affect mental health across a variety of domains. Mental health issues have been found to negatively affect work performance. This finding was highlighted in the aviation industry by the 2015 Germanwings incident in which 150 people died. Further investigation into work hours and their associated factors (e.g., demographic characteristics and experiences of sleep and fatigue in the cockpit) contributing to mental health issues among pilots is warranted. A cross-sectional survey investigating attitudes and experiences of fatigue was developed and distributed to commercial airline pilots. Results found pilots who reported typically spending longer hours on duty per week were twice as likely to report feeling depressed or anxious. Pilots' experiences of job-related sleep disturbance and fatigue may explain why pilots who typically spend long hours on duty each week are more likely to report feeling depressed or anxious.
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Dall’Ora C, Ball J, Recio-Saucedo A, Griffiths P. Characteristics of shift work and their impact on employee performance and wellbeing: A literature review. Int J Nurs Stud 2016; 57:12-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rasoulzadeh Y, Bazazan A, Safaiyan A, Dianat I. Fatigue and Psychological Distress: A Case Study Among Shift Workers of an Iranian Petrochemical Plant, During 2013, in Bushehr. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 17:e28021. [PMID: 26568862 PMCID: PMC4636754 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.28021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Shift work is a well-recognized occupational health hazard in both industrialized and industrially developing countries. Prolonged working time, day/night shift rotation, circadian rhythm and sleep disorders, family and social problems are the most important features of shift working, which have serious complications. Objectives: The present study evaluated the fatigue and psychological distress and their relationship among shift workers, in a petrochemical plant (Southern Pars gas field) in Southwest Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional field study, 400 shift workers from a plant were involved, with participation rate of 72.5% (290 persons). The multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI-20) and general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) were used to evaluate the level of fatigue and psychological distress, respectively. Results: The results showed that the fatigue and psychological distress (particularly social dysfunction, anxiety and insomnia) are frequent among 12-hour shift workers (the total MFI and total GHQ scores were 42.68 ± 17.88 and 34.66 ± 18.56). A relatively strong positive correlation was found between fatigue and psychological distress (r = 0.62). The results of the stepwise regression model indicated that the psychological distress was significantly related only to general fatigue, mental fatigue and reduced motivation, whereas it was not to the physical fatigue and reduced activity. Conclusions: The study findings highlight the importance of the mental aspect of fatigue in this working group. These results have possible implications for workers’ health and well-being and for the design of shift work systems, for industrial workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Rasoulzadeh
- Department of Occupational Health and Ergonomics, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | - Ahmad Bazazan
- Department of Occupational Health and Ergonomics, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | - Abdolrasoul Safaiyan
- Department of Vital Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | - Iman Dianat
- Department of Occupational Health and Ergonomics, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Iman Dianat, Department of Occupational Health and Ergonomics, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-4113357580, Fax: +98-4113340634, E-mail:
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Tsiga E, Panagopoulou E, Niakas D. Health promotion across occupational groups: one size does not fit all. Occup Med (Lond) 2015. [PMID: 26209792 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqv097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several studies have examined the link between specific working conditions and health behaviours, very few have comparatively assessed the health behaviours of different occupational groups. AIMS To compare protective and risky health behaviours among police officers, ambulance workers, hospital staff (doctors and nurses) and office workers, prompted by the need to identify key areas for interventions tailored to the needs of different occupational groups. METHODS A cross-sectional postal survey using the Health Behaviours Inventory, assessing health behaviours which are risky (alcohol intake, smoking, coffee consumption, fast food meals and painkiller consumption) and protective (physical activity, eating breakfast and hours of sleep). RESULTS The sample consisted of 1451 employees. Ambulance workers smoked the most cigarettes per day (F (4, 1405) = 8.63, P < 0.01), while doctors consumed twice as many fast food meals as any other occupational group (F (4, 1415) = 78.45, P < 0.01) and had the highest daily caffeine consumption (F (4, 1440) = 11.17, P < 0.01). Ambulance workers and doctors reported the highest frequency of alcohol consumption per week (F (4, 1421) = 10.13, P < 0.01). In regard to protective health behaviours, office workers reported the highest number of breakfast meals per week (F (4, 1431) = 5.7, P < 0.01) and sleeping hours per night (F (4, 1438) = 170.34, P < 0.01), while police officers and ambulance workers exercised more frequently (F (4, 1420) = 5.764, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The results of the study highlight key priorities for health promotion for different occupational groups which need to be taken into consideration in policy making and developing workplace interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tsiga
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Panagopoulou
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece,
| | - D Niakas
- School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, GR-26335 Patra, Greece
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Parkes KR. Sleep patterns of offshore day-workers in relation to overtime work and age. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2015; 48:232-239. [PMID: 25683550 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In addition to long contractual hours during offshore weeks (14 × 12 h shifts), many personnel on North Sea oil/gas installations also work overtime, but little is known about the implications of overtime for sleep patterns offshore. In this study, the additive and interactive effects of overtime and age were analysed as predictors of sleep duration and sleep quality among offshore day-workers (N = 551), 54% of whom reported overtime. Sleep duration and quality were impaired among personnel who worked overtime, relative to those who worked only standard shifts; there was also an inverse dose-response relationship between overtime hours and sleep duration. Although the sleep measures were more favourable during shore leave than during offshore weeks, there was little evidence of compensatory sleep patterns. These findings are discussed with reference to known performance and health effects of short sleep hours; formal guidance on overtime work offshore is noted; and methodological issues are considered.
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Virtanen M, Jokela M, Nyberg ST, Madsen IEH, Lallukka T, Ahola K, Alfredsson L, Batty GD, Bjorner JB, Borritz M, Burr H, Casini A, Clays E, De Bacquer D, Dragano N, Erbel R, Ferrie JE, Fransson EI, Hamer M, Heikkilä K, Jöckel KH, Kittel F, Knutsson A, Koskenvuo M, Ladwig KH, Lunau T, Nielsen ML, Nordin M, Oksanen T, Pejtersen JH, Pentti J, Rugulies R, Salo P, Schupp J, Siegrist J, Singh-Manoux A, Steptoe A, Suominen SB, Theorell T, Vahtera J, Wagner GG, Westerholm PJM, Westerlund H, Kivimäki M. Long working hours and alcohol use: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data. BMJ 2015; 350:g7772. [PMID: 25587065 PMCID: PMC4293546 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g7772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the association between long working hours and alcohol use. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data. DATA SOURCES A systematic search of PubMed and Embase databases in April 2014 for published studies, supplemented with manual searches. Unpublished individual participant data were obtained from 27 additional studies. REVIEW METHODS The search strategy was designed to retrieve cross sectional and prospective studies of the association between long working hours and alcohol use. Summary estimates were obtained with random effects meta-analysis. Sources of heterogeneity were examined with meta-regression. RESULTS Cross sectional analysis was based on 61 studies representing 333,693 participants from 14 countries. Prospective analysis was based on 20 studies representing 100,602 participants from nine countries. The pooled maximum adjusted odds ratio for the association between long working hours and alcohol use was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.18) in the cross sectional analysis of published and unpublished data. Odds ratio of new onset risky alcohol use was 1.12 (1.04 to 1.20) in the analysis of prospective published and unpublished data. In the 18 studies with individual participant data it was possible to assess the European Union Working Time Directive, which recommends an upper limit of 48 hours a week. Odds ratios of new onset risky alcohol use for those working 49-54 hours and ≥ 55 hours a week were 1.13 (1.02 to 1.26; adjusted difference in incidence 0.8 percentage points) and 1.12 (1.01 to 1.25; adjusted difference in incidence 0.7 percentage points), respectively, compared with working standard 35-40 hours (incidence of new onset risky alcohol use 6.2%). There was no difference in these associations between men and women or by age or socioeconomic groups, geographical regions, sample type (population based v occupational cohort), prevalence of risky alcohol use in the cohort, or sample attrition rate. CONCLUSIONS Individuals whose working hours exceed standard recommendations are more likely to increase their alcohol use to levels that pose a health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Jokela
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Solja T Nyberg
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ida E H Madsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tea Lallukka
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Ahola
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Sweden
| | - G David Batty
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jakob B Bjorner
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Borritz
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Koge Hospital, Koge, Denmark
| | - Hermann Burr
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Berlin, Germany
| | - Annalisa Casini
- School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Clays
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk De Bacquer
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico Dragano
- Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raimund Erbel
- Department of Cardiology, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jane E Ferrie
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eleonor I Fransson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Mark Hamer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - France Kittel
- School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anders Knutsson
- Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Markku Koskenvuo
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- Helmholtz Zentrum München (German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lunau
- Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin L Nielsen
- Unit of Social Medicine, Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Nordin
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tuula Oksanen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan H Pejtersen
- Danish National Centre for Social Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jaana Pentti
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reiner Rugulies
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Public Health and Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paula Salo
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jürgen Schupp
- German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Siegrist
- Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Archana Singh-Manoux
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif, France
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sakari B Suominen
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Töres Theorell
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jussi Vahtera
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Gert G Wagner
- German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Hugo Westerlund
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
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Hino A, Inoue A, Kawakami N, Tsuno K, Tomioka K, Nakanishi M, Mafune K, Hiro H. Buffering effects of job resources on the association of overtime work hours with psychological distress in Japanese white-collar workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2014; 88:631-40. [PMID: 25283889 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-014-0990-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to investigate the buffering effects of job resources, utilizing the job demands-control (or demand-control-support) and effort-reward imbalance models (i.e., job control, workplace social support, and extrinsic reward), on the association of overtime work hours with psychological distress in Japanese employees. METHODS A total of 1,198 participants (valid response rate = 93.7 %) from five branches of a manufacturing company in Japan completed a self-administered questionnaire comprising the scales assessing job resources, psychological distress, and demographic characteristics. We obtained the information on working hours in the most recent month from the personnel records of the surveyed company. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. In a series of analyses, interaction term of overtime work hours with each job resource was included in the model. RESULTS Significant interaction effect of overtime work hours with job control was observed. Among the low job control group, the long overtime (80 h or more) subgroup had a significantly higher prevalence odds ratio of psychological distress compared to the short overtime (44 h or less) subgroup. No significant association of overtime work hours with psychological distress was found among the high job control group. On the other hand, there was no significant interaction effect of overtime work hours with workplace social support or extrinsic reward. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that high job control has an effect on reducing psychological distress in relation to overtime work hours in Japanese employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Hino
- Department of Mental Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan,
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Hannerz H, Albertsen K. Long working hours and subsequent use of psychotropic medicine: a study protocol. JMIR Res Protoc 2014; 3:e51. [PMID: 25239125 PMCID: PMC4180344 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.3301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental ill health is the most frequent cause of long-term sickness absence and disability retirement in Denmark. Some instances of mental ill health might be due to long working hours. A recent large cross-sectional study of a general working population in Norway found that not only "very much overtime", but also "moderate overtime" (41-48 work hours/week) was significantly associated with increased levels of both anxiety and depression. These findings have not been sufficiently confirmed in longitudinal studies. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study is to give a detailed plan for a research project aimed at investigating the possibility of a prospective association between weekly working hours and use of psychotropic medicine in the general working population of Denmark. METHODS People from the general working population of Denmark have been surveyed, at various occasions in the time period 1995-2010, and interviewed about their work environment. The present study will link interview data from these surveys to national registers covering all inhabitants of Denmark. The participants will be followed for the first occurrence of redeemed prescriptions for psychotropic medicine. Poisson regression will be used to analyze incidence rates as a function of weekly working hours (32-40; 41-48; > 48 hours/week). The analyses will be controlled for gender, age, sample, shift work, and socioeconomic status. According to our feasibility studies, the statistical power is sufficient and the exposure is stable enough to make the study worth the while. RESULTS The publication of the present study protocol ends the design phase of the project. In the next phase, the questionnaire data will be forwarded to Statistics Denmark where they will be linked to data on deaths, migrations, socioeconomic status, and redeemed prescriptions for psychotropic medication. We expect the analysis to be completed by the end of 2014 and the results to be published mid 2015. CONCLUSIONS The proposed project will be free from hindsight bias, since all hypotheses and statistical models are completely defined, peer-reviewed, and published before we link the exposure data to the outcome data. The results of the project will indicate to what extent and in what direction the national burden of mental ill health in Denmark has been influenced by long working hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hannerz
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Yoo DH, Kang MY, Paek D, Min B, Cho SI. Effect of Long Working Hours on Self-reported Hypertension among Middle-aged and Older Wage Workers. Ann Occup Environ Med 2014; 26:25. [PMID: 25852938 PMCID: PMC4387782 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-014-0025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Many studies have reported an association between overwork and hypertension. However, research on the health effects of long working hours has yielded inconclusive results. The objective of this study was to identify an association between overtime work and hypertension in wage workers 45 years and over of age using prospective data. Methods Wage workers in Korea aged 45 years and over were selected for inclusion in this study from among 10,254 subjects from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Workers with baseline hypertension and those with other major diseases were excluded. In the end, a total of 1,079 subjects were included. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios and adjust for baseline characteristics such as sex, age, education, income, occupation, form of employment, body mass index, alcohol habit, smoking habit, regular exercise, and number of working days per week. Additional models were used to calculate hazard ratios after gender stratification. Results Among the 1,079 subjects, 85 workers were diagnosed with hypertension during 3974.2 person-months. The average number of working hours per week for all subjects was 47.68. The proportion of overtime workers was 61.0% (cutoff, 40 h per week). Compared with those working 40 h and less per week, the hazard ratio of subjects in the final model, which adjusted for all selected variables, working 41-50 h per week was 2.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19–4.06), that of subjects working 51-60 h per week was 2.40 (95% CI, 1.07–5.39), and that of subjects working 61 h and over per week was 2.87 (95% CI, 1.33–6.20). In gender stratification models, the hazard ratio of the females tended to be higher than that of the males. Conclusion As the number of working hours per week increased, the hazard ratio for diagnosis of hypertension significantly increased. This result suggests a positive association between overtime work and the risk of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Yoo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul 151-742, Gwanak-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mo-Yeol Kang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehakro 103, Seoul 110-799, Jongno-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Domyung Paek
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul 151-742, Gwanak-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokki Min
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul 151-742, Gwanak-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Il Cho
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul 151-742, Gwanak-gu, Republic of Korea
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Suzuki A, Akamatsu R. Sex Differences in Relationship between Stress Responses and Lifestyle in Japanese Workers. Saf Health Work 2014; 5:32-8. [PMID: 24932418 PMCID: PMC4048005 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study examined the relationships between stress responses and lifestyle, including sleeping and eating behaviors, in Japanese workers according to sex. Methods Questionnaires about stress responses and lifestyle were completed by 3,017 workers in a financial enterprise (41.5% men, 58.5% women). Data were collected in Japan in August 2011. Participants were classified into stress and nonstress groups. Relationships between stress responses and lifestyle were investigated using logistic regression analysis with stress response as a dependent variable. Results There were 254 (8.4%) participants in the stress group and 2,763 (91.6%) in the nonstress group. The results showed that sleeping for shorter periods [odds ratio (OR) = 2.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.58–5.60] was associated with stress responses in women, whereas we found no relationship between stress responses and lifestyle among men. However, working overtime was associated with stress responses in men (OR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.43–5.15). Eating at night was associated with stress responses in the univariate analysis (men: OR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.16–3.80; women: OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.09–2.39). Conclusion This study showed that stress responses were related to lifestyle among women but not among men. Among women, stress responses were related to sleeping for shorter periods, whereas they were related to working long hours among men. In addition, stress responses were related to eating at night in the univariate analysis, although this relationship was not seen in the multivariate analysis, in either sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suzuki
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ocahanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Akamatsu
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ocahanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
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Chatterjee S. Development of uncertainty-based work injury model using Bayesian structural equation modelling. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2013; 21:318-27. [PMID: 24111548 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2013.825629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposed a Bayesian method-based structural equation model (SEM) of miners' work injury for an underground coal mine in India. The environmental and behavioural variables for work injury were identified and causal relationships were developed. For Bayesian modelling, prior distributions of SEM parameters are necessary to develop the model. In this paper, two approaches were adopted to obtain prior distribution for factor loading parameters and structural parameters of SEM. In the first approach, the prior distributions were considered as a fixed distribution function with specific parameter values, whereas, in the second approach, prior distributions of the parameters were generated from experts' opinions. The posterior distributions of these parameters were obtained by applying Bayesian rule. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling in the form Gibbs sampling was applied for sampling from the posterior distribution. The results revealed that all coefficients of structural and measurement model parameters are statistically significant in experts' opinion-based priors, whereas, two coefficients are not statistically significant when fixed prior-based distributions are applied. The error statistics reveals that Bayesian structural model provides reasonably good fit of work injury with high coefficient of determination (0.91) and less mean squared error as compared to traditional SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehamoy Chatterjee
- a Department of Mining Engineering , National Institute of Technology Rourkela , Orissa - 769008 , India
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34
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Despins LA. Organizational and Individual Attributes Influencing Patient Risk Detection. Clin Nurs Res 2013; 23:471-89. [DOI: 10.1177/1054773813490951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined organizational and individual variables impacting patient risk detection by Intensive Care Unit nurses and their decision to reduce the risk of failure to rescue. Thirty-four nurses were randomly assigned to two groups. A video of a manager and staff nurse patient safety discussion was used to prime one group to prioritize patient safety. Participants provided demographic information, received end-of-shift report on two fictional patients, experienced 52 alarm trials during a medication preparation scenario, and completed the Safety Attitude Questionnaire. No difference existed in risk detection; however, nurses who perceived their work environment quality to be good correctly ignored a clinically irrelevant alarm more often and were more apt to classify an alarm as irrelevant. They chose to reduce the risk of medication error rather than that of failure to rescue. This information can assist nurses to balance disregarding distractions with responding to potential patient risk signals.
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Kitamura H, Shindo M, Tachibana A, Honma H, Someya T. Personality and Resilience Associated with Perceived Fatigue of Local Government Employees Responding to Disasters. J Occup Health 2013. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.12-0095-br] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kitamura
- Department of PsychiatryNiigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesJapan
- Section of Disaster MedicineNiigata University Research Institute for Natural Hazards and Disaster RecoveryJapan
| | - Masanobu Shindo
- Department of PsychiatryNiigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesJapan
| | - Akira Tachibana
- Department of PsychiatryNiigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesJapan
| | - Hiroko Honma
- Niigata Institute for Traumatic Stress, Mental Health and Welfare Association in Niigata PrefectureJapan
| | - Toshiyuki Someya
- Department of PsychiatryNiigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesJapan
- Section of Disaster MedicineNiigata University Research Institute for Natural Hazards and Disaster RecoveryJapan
- Niigata Institute for Traumatic Stress, Mental Health and Welfare Association in Niigata PrefectureJapan
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Arlinghaus A, Lombardi DA, Willetts JL, Folkard S, Christiani DC. A structural equation modeling approach to fatigue-related risk factors for occupational injury. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 176:597-607. [PMID: 22956514 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational injury is associated with numerous individual and work-related risk factors, including long working hours and short sleep duration; however, the complex mechanisms causing such injuries are not yet fully understood. The authors used structural equation modeling (SEM) as a novel approach to examine fatigue-related direct and indirect potential risk factors for occupational injury. The study sample contained 89,366 employed workers from the National Health Interview Survey (pooled across 6 years, 2004-2009), an annual survey of a representative cross-sectional sample of the US population. Direct and indirect effects of weekly hours worked and usual sleep duration on occupational injuries were modeled using SEM procedures for dichotomous outcomes and a complex sampling design. Confounding and mediating effects of gender, age, race/ethnicity, occupation, industry, type of pay, body mass index (BMI), and psychological distress were simultaneously examined. Long working hours and short sleep duration independently increased the risk of injury. Additional direct risk factors were gender, occupation, type of pay, and BMI. At the same time, sleep duration mediated the adverse relations of long working hours, high psychological distress, and high BMI with injury. These findings indicate that SEM is a useful approach with which to examine dichotomous outcomes and indirect effects in complex samples, and it offers a comprehensive new model of injury prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Arlinghaus
- Gesellschaft für Arbeits-, Wirtschafts- und Organisationpsychologische Forschung e.V., Achterdiek 50, 26131 Oldenburg, Germany.
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Caixeta L, da Silva Júnior GMN, Caixeta VDM, Reimer CHR, Azevedo PVBE. Occupational health, cognitive disorders and occupational neuropsychology. Dement Neuropsychol 2012; 6:198-202. [PMID: 29213798 PMCID: PMC5619330 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-57642012dn06040002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Work can be an important etiologic factor in the genesis of some mental disorders
including cognitive disability. Occupational neuropsychology constitutes an
intriguing new but neglected area of research and clinical practice which deals
with the neurocognitive consequences of the work environment and work habits.
Neuropsychological knowledge is fundamental to understand cognitive requirements
of work competence. Work can impact sleep patterns and mental energy, which in
turn can cause neuropsychological symptoms. This report presents relevant
evidence to illustrate the relationship between work and cognitive
dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Caixeta
- MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine of Federal University of Goiás (UFG). Coordinator, Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Hospital das Clínicas - UFG, Goiânia GO, Brazil
| | | | - Victor de Melo Caixeta
- MD, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Hospital das Clínicas, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia GO, Brazil
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Haines VY, Marchand A, Genin E, Rousseau V. A balanced view of long work hours. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WORKPLACE HEALTH MANAGEMENT 2012. [DOI: 10.1108/17538351211239153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Psycho-Social Issues in Mine Emergencies: The Impact on the Individual, the Organization and the Community. MINERALS 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/min2020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nishitani N, Sakakibara H. Job stress factors, stress response, and social support in association with insomnia of Japanese male workers. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2010; 48:178-184. [PMID: 20424348 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.48.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the relation of insomnia with job stress factors, stress response, and social support. A self-completed questionnaire survey was conducted in 212 male Japanese workers at a synthetic fiber plant. With regard to insomnia, subjects were asked the first 5 of the 8 questions on the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Job stress factors, stress response and social support were assessed using the Job Stress Questionnaire. Multiple regression analyses showed that psychological job stress factors of poor appropriateness of work and high qualitative workload were associated with insomnia. The psychological stress response of depression and physical stress responses were also related with insomnia. Depression was also related to appropriateness of work. The present results showed that insomnia was closely related with the psychological job stress factor of appropriateness of work and the psychological response of depression. These mutual relationships between insomnia and poor mental health need be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Nishitani
- Toray Industries, Inc., Aichi Plant, Nishi-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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Virtanen M, Singh-Manoux A, Ferrie JE, Gimeno D, Marmot MG, Elovainio M, Jokela M, Vahtera J, Kivimäki M. Long working hours and cognitive function: the Whitehall II Study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169:596-605. [PMID: 19126590 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the association between long working hours and cognitive function in middle age. Data were collected in 1997-1999 (baseline) and 2002-2004 (follow-up) from a prospective study of 2,214 British civil servants who were in full-time employment at baseline and had data on cognitive tests and covariates. A battery of cognitive tests (short-term memory, Alice Heim 4-I, Mill Hill vocabulary, phonemic fluency, and semantic fluency) were measured at baseline and at follow-up. Compared with working 40 hours per week at most, working more than 55 hours per week was associated with lower scores in the vocabulary test at both baseline and follow-up. Long working hours also predicted decline in performance on the reasoning test (Alice Heim 4-I). Similar results were obtained by using working hours as a continuous variable; the associations between working hours and cognitive function were robust to adjustments for several potential confounding factors including age, sex, marital status, education, occupation, income, physical diseases, psychosocial factors, sleep disturbances, and health risk behaviors. This study shows that long working hours may have a negative effect on cognitive performance in middle age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Virtanen
- Centre of Expertise for Work Organizations, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
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Otsuka Y, Sasaki T, Iwasaki K, Mori I. Working hours, coping skills, and psychological health in Japanese daytime workers. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2009; 47:22-32. [PMID: 19218754 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.47.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between coping skills, working hours, and psychological health among Japanese daytime workers. Self-administered questionnaires were mailed to a randomly selected sample of 2,000 workers who were members of a pre-recruited market research panel. A total of 1,821 participants responded (response rate=91.1%). Participants completed a questionnaire regarding working hours, coping skills, and psychological health (negative emotions, fatigue, and concentration/activity levels). Analyses of covariance were conducted to determine the relations of number of working hours, coping skills, and their interactions to psychological health with control for sex, age, drinking, job type, and employment type. Results revealed that working hours were significantly associated with fatigue and concentration/activity levels. High levels of instrumental support and positive reframing were significantly associated with low levels of negative emotions, fatigue, and concentration/activity levels. High levels of self-blame, denial, substance use, venting, self-distraction, religion, and behavioral disengagement were significantly associated with high levels of negative emotions, fatigue, and concentration/activity levels. This study suggests that improving coping skills such as using instrumental support or positive reframing may reduce the adverse health effects of long working hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Otsuka
- Department of Psychology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Education, Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, Japan
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Sato Y, Miyake H, Thériault G. Overtime work and stress response in a group of Japanese workers. Occup Med (Lond) 2008; 59:14-9. [PMID: 19001069 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqn141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Working long overtime hours is considered a cause of mental health problems among workers but such a relationship has yet to be empirically confirmed. AIM To clarify the influence of overtime work on response to stress and to assess the role of other stress-related factors on this relationship. METHODS The study was conducted among 24 685 employees of a company in Japan. Stress response, job stressors and social supports were assessed by the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire. Participants were divided into five categories of overtime (0-19, 20-39, 40-59, >or=60 h of overtime per month and exempted employees). RESULTS The nonadjusted odds ratios for stress response for 40-59 and >or=60 overtime hours per month in reference to 0-19 overtime hours were 1.11 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.19] and 1.62 (95% CI 1.50-1.76), respectively. After adjustment for self-assessed amount of work, mental workload and sleeping time, the association between overtime work and stress response disappeared. CONCLUSIONS This large cross-sectional study shows that overtime work appears to influence stress response indirectly through other stress factors such as self-assessed amount of work, mental workload and sleeping time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sato
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Sasaki T, Iwasaki K, Mori I, Hisanaga N, Shibata E. Overtime, job stressors, sleep/rest, and fatigue of Japanese workers in a company. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2007; 45:237-46. [PMID: 17485868 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.45.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
To ascertain the usefulness of a 21-item checklist that assesses accumulated fatigue due to overwork, we examined (1) the associations between overtime work, job stressors, or the quantity of sleep/rest and subjective symptoms of fatigue, and (2) whether sleeping hours and monthly days off are associated with the accumulated fatigue parameter using the checklist. Questionnaire surveys were administered twice to Japanese workers at a plant of a manufacturing company. Among the 390 registered workers, 383 workers (284 males and 99 females) in the first survey and 350 workers (260 males and 90 females) in the second survey responded. The subjective symptoms score significantly increased according to the order of grade of overtime work, other job stressors, and sleep/rest subscales in both sexes by ANOVA. The subjective symptoms grade was significantly associated with the other job stressors grade and sleep/rest grade, but not with overtime work. The accumulated fatigue parameter was negatively correlated with daily sleeping hours (significant Spearman's correlation coefficient (r(s)) =-0.318 and -0.340 in the 1st and 2nd surveys) and with monthly days off (r(s)=-0.250 and -0.151) among all of the subjects. It may be possible to assess overwork by the accumulated fatigue parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sasaki
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
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45
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Abstract
The paper summarizes research linking long work hours to a wide range of risks to workers, families, employers, and the community. The risks are theorized to stem from less time to recover from work, longer exposure to workplace hazards, and less time to attend to non-work responsibilities. Risks to workers include sleep deprivation, poor recovery from work, decrements in neuro-cognitive and physiological functioning, illnesses, adverse reproductive outcomes, and injuries. Risks to families include delayed marriages and child bearing, and obesity in children. Risks to employers include reduced productivity and increases in workers errors. Mistakes by fatigued workers have broad reaching impacts to the community: medical errors, automobile crashes with other drivers on the road, and industrial disasters that damage the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Caruso
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998, USA
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46
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Fujino Y, Horie S, Hoshuyama T, Tsutsui T, Tanaka Y. [A systematic review of working hours and mental health burden]. SANGYO EISEIGAKU ZASSHI = JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2006; 48:87-97. [PMID: 16908956 DOI: 10.1539/sangyoeisei.48.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
There is growing concern over the possible increase in mental health problems among Japanese workers. This trend is generally regarded as a reflection of Japan's prolonged economic depression and changes in working environment. In fact, claims for compensation for industrial accidents related to mental health diseases have been rapidly increasing in recent years. Working hours, personal-relationships, support from supervisors/co-workers, job demand, job control, and payment are known to affect workers mental health. In 2004, the Government announced a guideline to combat overwork and mental health problems at work places. This guideline articulates that long overtime working is a major indicator, and workers who work over 100 h overtime in a month should be encouraged to see an occupational physician. This guideline takes into account the practicalities of occupational health at work places and the empiric knowledge that long working hours might associate with workers mental health status. It may be reasonable to assume that long working hours affect workers health status both psychologically and physiologically, interacting with a variety of occupational factors, particularly job stress. However, the association between working hours and workers mental health status has not been fully clarified. The present article aimed to provide a systematic review of the association between working hours and mental health problems. The authors conducted a systematic review of the published literature on the association between working hours and mental health problems using PubMed. Of 131 abstracts and citations reviewed, 17 studies met the predefined criteria. Ten of these are longitudinal studies, and the others are cross-sectional studies. Seven of the 17 studies report statistically significant associations between working hours and mental health problems, while the others report no association. In addition, comparison among these studies is difficult because a variety of measurements of working hours were used. The present review found inconsistent results in the association between working hours and mental health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Fujino
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
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47
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van der Hulst M, van Veldhoven M, Beckers D. Overtime and need for recovery in relation to job demands and job control. J Occup Health 2006; 48:11-9. [PMID: 16484758 DOI: 10.1539/joh.48.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study addressed the prevalence of working overtime in relation to psychosocial work characteristics and need for recovery. More precisely, the aim of this study was to find out (1) whether a relationship exists between working overtime and psychosocial work characteristics (job demands and job control), (2a) whether a relationship exists between working overtime and need for recovery, and finally (2b) whether such a relationship depends on job type (a specific combination of job demands and job control). The study sample (N=1,473) consisted of a national random sample of office-based municipal administration employees who worked full-time. These employees completed a questionnaire on working conditions, overtime and need for recovery, among other things. Overtime was especially common in jobs characterised by high demands. The analyses showed that working overtime is not associated with a higher need for recovery in the total study population. However, there was a positive relationship between overtime hours and need for recovery in high strain jobs (high demands, low control). Furthermore, there was a positive relationship between structural overtime and need for recovery in active jobs (high demands, high control). The relationship between overtime and need for recovery seems to be dependent upon working conditions; indicators of overtime were associated with a higher need for recovery only for employees who experienced high job demands. Longitudinal research within a heterogeneous sample will be necessary to draw firm conclusions about causality with respect to the relationship between overtime, need for recovery and working conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique van der Hulst
- Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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48
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Berney B, Needleman J. Impact of nursing overtime on nurse-sensitive patient outcomes in New York hospitals, 1995-2000. Policy Polit Nurs Pract 2006; 7:87-100. [PMID: 16864629 DOI: 10.1177/1527154406291132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During the past several years, nurses and their advocates have expressed concern about heavy use of overtime in hospitals and claimed that it undermines the quality of nursing care. Using staffing and discharge data covering 1995 to 2000 from 161 acute general hospitals in New York State, this study uses multi variate regression to analyze the relationship between overtime and the rates of six nurse-sensitive patient outcomes and mortality. We find an association of overtime with lower rates of mortality in medical and surgical patients but do not consider these findings definitive. Because overtime use is episodic and unit specific, further study of these issues using data that examines the occurrence of adverse events by unit during periods of heavy nurse overtime is recommended.
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Karita K, Nakao M, Nishikitani M, Iwata T, Murata K, Yano E. Effect of Overtime Work and Insufficient Sleep on Postural Sway in Information‐Technology Workers. J Occup Health 2006; 48:65-8. [PMID: 16484765 DOI: 10.1539/joh.48.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Karita
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kaga, Tokyo, Japan.
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50
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Dembe AE, Erickson JB, Delbos RG, Banks SM. The impact of overtime and long work hours on occupational injuries and illnesses: new evidence from the United States. Occup Environ Med 2005; 62:588-97. [PMID: 16109814 PMCID: PMC1741083 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2004.016667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To analyse the impact of overtime and extended working hours on the risk of occupational injuries and illnesses among a nationally representative sample of working adults from the United States. METHODS Responses from 10,793 Americans participating in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) were used to evaluate workers' job histories, work schedules, and occurrence of occupational injury and illness between 1987 and 2000. A total of 110,236 job records were analysed, encompassing 89,729 person-years of accumulated working time. Aggregated incidence rates in each of five exposure categories were calculated for each NLSY survey period. Multivariate analytical techniques were used to estimate the relative risk of long working hours per day, extended hours per week, long commute times, and overtime schedules on reporting a work related injury or illness, after adjusting for age, gender, occupation, industry, and region. RESULTS After adjusting for those factors, working in jobs with overtime schedules was associated with a 61% higher injury hazard rate compared to jobs without overtime. Working at least 12 hours per day was associated with a 37% increased hazard rate and working at least 60 hours per week was associated with a 23% increased hazard rate. A strong dose-response effect was observed, with the injury rate (per 100 accumulated worker-years in a particular schedule) increasing in correspondence to the number of hours per day (or per week) in the workers' customary schedule. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that job schedules with long working hours are not more risky merely because they are concentrated in inherently hazardous industries or occupations, or because people working long hours spend more total time "at risk" for a work injury. Strategies to prevent work injuries should consider changes in scheduling practices, job redesign, and health protection programmes for people working in jobs involving overtime and extended hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Dembe
- Center for Health Policy & Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA 01545, USA.
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