Postoperative chylothorax is usually regarded as a complication associated with cardiothoracic surgery; however, it is one of the rare complications in orthopedic surgery. This case report describes a female patient who developed chylothorax after a successful L4-S1 transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion surgery. The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment were analyzed and discussed.

A 50-year-old woman was admitted with repeated back and leg pain. She was diagnosed with L4 degenerative spondylolisthesis, L4/L5 and L5/S1 intervertebral disc herniation and L5 instability, and underwent successful posterior L4-S1 instrumentation and fusion surgery. Unfortunately, thoracic effusion was identified 2 d after operation. The thoracic effusion was finally confirmed to be chylous based on twice positive chyle qualitative tests. The patient was discharged after 12-d persisting drainage, 3-d total parenteral nutrition and fasting, and other supportive treatments. No recurring symptoms were observed within 12 mo follow-up.

Differential diagnosis is crucial for unusual thoracic effusion. Comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of chylothorax are necessary. Thorough intraoperative protection to relieve high thoracic pressure caused by the prone position is important.

• Chylothorax
• Conservative managements
• Diagnosis
• Posterior lumbar surgery
• Complication
• Case report

• Conservative management
• Injury
• Operation
• Thoracic duct
• Trauma

• accidents
• cardiothoracic surgery
• injuries
• medical management
• trauma