• bone bruise
• bone marrow lesion
• cartilage regeneration
• conservative treatment

• Avascular necrosis
• Elbow
• Elbow arthroscopy
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• Radiograph
• Steroids

• Fracture
• Insufficiency
• Knee
• Meniscus
• Meta-analysis
• Osteonecrosis
• Tear

• Department of Human Resources and Social Security of Shanxi Province

• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
• Knee osteonecrosis (ON)
• Outcomes
• Total knee arthroplasty (TKA)

• Bone marrow transplant
• Complications
• Outcomes
• Total hip arthroplasty
• Total knee arthroplasty

• Bone marrow edema
• Core decompression – subchondroplasty
• Knee review
• Total knee arthroplasty – unicompartmental knee arthroplasty

• Humans
• Edema/etiology
• Bone Marrow Diseases/therapy
• Bone Marrow Diseases/diagnostic imaging
• Bone Marrow Diseases/etiology
• Knee Joint/diagnostic imaging
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging

• Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna

• Avascular necrosis of bone
• Glucocorticoids
• Knee osteoarthritis
• Osteonecrosis
• Performance-enhancing substances

• Humans
• Male
• Knee Joint/diagnostic imaging
• Tibia
• Femur
• Osteonecrosis/diagnosis
• Osteonecrosis/diagnostic imaging
• Pain
• Steroids

• medical research
• bone
• skeleton

• Adult
• Humans
• Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee/adverse effects
• Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee/methods
• Fractures, Stress
• Osteoarthritis, Knee
• Treatment Outcome
• Knee Joint/diagnostic imaging
• Knee Joint/surgery
• Retrospective Studies

• children
• inflammation
• joint damage
• knee
• septic arthritis

• Bone marrow lesions
• MRI
• bone remodelling
• subchondral bone pathology

• Humans
• Bone Marrow Diseases/etiology
• Bone Marrow Diseases/pathology
• Bone Marrow Diseases/diagnosis
• Bone Marrow Diseases/physiopathology
• Bone Marrow Diseases/therapy
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Cartilage, Articular/pathology
• Bone Marrow/pathology
• Bone Remodeling

• implantable shock absorber
• medial-compartment knee osteoarthritis
• spontaneous osteonecrosis
• subchondral insufficiency fracture
• total knee arthroplasty

• Humans
• Female
• Adult
• Middle Aged
• Male
• Osteoarthritis, Knee/diagnostic imaging
• Osteoarthritis, Knee/surgery
• Osteoarthritis, Knee/etiology
• Fractures, Stress/surgery
• Retrospective Studies
• Case-Control Studies
• Prospective Studies
• Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee/adverse effects
• Knee Fractures

• Arthroscopy
• Decompression
• Greece
• Knee Joint
• Osteonecrosis

• SPONK
• bone marrow lesions
• knee
• osteoarthritis
• spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee

Primary bone marrow edema (BME) of the knee is still an elusive condition. This retrospective study was undertaken to gain insight into its characteristic features. The records of 48 patients with primary BME of the knee diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging were reviewed. Demographic data, medical history, current medications, pain type, smoking and drinking habits, allergies, occupation, sports practiced, environmental factors, and life events predating symptom onset were examined. Data analysis demonstrated that 56.3% of patients had experienced a stressful event before BME pain onset and that 50% suffered from thyroid disorders. Standard conservative treatment resulted in pain resolution irrespective of the use of anti-inflammatories. However, most patients reported new persistent symptoms: dysesthesia/hypoesthesia on palpation in the skin area overlying the previous edema and a reduced ipsilateral patellar reflex. To our knowledge, this is the first study characterizing a substantial cohort of patients with BME. We found that middle-aged, sedentary, and slightly overweight women smokers are the typical patients with primary BME of the knee. The appearance and persistence of cutaneous dysesthesia/hypoesthesia at the site of the earlier lesion and ipsilateral patellar hyporeflexia implicate an autonomous nervous system dysfunction in BME pathogenesis and warrant further investigation.

• COVID-19
• NSAIDs
• anxiety-depressive disorders
• bone marrow edema
• knee
• thyroid disorders

• Deep-vein thrombosis
• Libman–Sacks endocarditis
• femoral condyles osteonecrosis
• lung cancer
• marantic endocarditis
• mitral disease
• mitral insufficiency
• nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
• transesophageal echocardiography
• transthoracic echocardiography
• verrucous endocarditis

• arthroplasty
• joint preservation surgery
• knee
• mesenchymal stem cells
• secondary osteonecrosis

• COVID-19
• Drugs: musculoskeletal and joint diseases
• Orthopaedics

• COVID-19/complications
• Humans
• Knee Joint/diagnostic imaging
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Osteonecrosis/diagnostic imaging
• Osteonecrosis/drug therapy
• Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome

Corticosteroid therapy is a known risk factor for osteonecrosis, more commonly with chronic use and high cumulative dose. Osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis) has been described in pregnancy involving primarily the femoral head. To our knowledge, only rare cases of femoral meta diaphysis or knee osteonecrosis in pregnancy have been documented in the literature.

We report a 28-year-old woman with sickle cell trait and beta-thalassemia trait who developed severe bilateral knee pain shortly after corticosteroid therapy. She was 34-weeks pregnant when she presented with the signs of preterm labor and was found to have oligohydramnios and preeclampsia. She was given two intramuscular injections of betamethasone 12 mg one day apart to enhance the fetal lung maturity. Within hours of the second injection, she developed acute and severe bilateral knee pain affecting her mobility and ambulation. Bilateral knee x-rays were unremarkable. Given the severity and persistence of her pain, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of bilateral lower extremities was done few days later and showed signs of early osteonecrosis involving bilateral distal femoral meta diaphysis and right lateral femoral condyle.

Other than the steroid therapy she had received, no additional extrinsic risk factors for osteonecrosis were identified. Potential intrinsic risk factors were thought to include her combined sickle-beta-thalassemia traits and pregnancy. She was diagnosed with steroid-induced osteonecrosis, given the temporal relationship. Her presentation was unique, because osteonecrosis affected unreported sites during pregnancy, and it started shortly after a brief course of antenatal steroid. She was treated conservatively with analgesics, and outpatient orthopedic follow-up was recommended. She was advised to avoid prolonged weight-bearing and strenuous activities. On a follow-up appointment two months later, she was still complaining of bilateral knee pain with ambulation though it was less severe. She did not return for follow-up thereafter.

We suggest the possibility of osteonecrosis in pregnancy involving uncommon sites, such as distal femur and femoral condyle in this case, following one or two doses of systemic steroid. Obstetricians need to consider osteonecrosis when evaluating an unexplained musculoskeletal pain after betamethasone that is used for preterm labors. More studies, including reporting more cases with unusual presentation and prospective studies following pregnant patients receiving steroid therapy, are needed to better understand the causes, associations, management, and clinical course of osteonecrosis in pregnancy.

• Meniscal root tear
• Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee
• Subchondral insufficiency fracture
• Subchondral plate

We present the case of a 44-year-old female who presented with atraumatic avascular necrosis (AVN) of the patella and hips bilaterally, following ingestion of the deadly fungus Amanita phalloides or ‘death cap’ and subsequent liver transplant. Upon presentation, in the hours following ingestion, our patient required a liver transplant and ICU admission. She was treated by a multidisciplinary team, with input from various specialities. Our patient required steroids in the months following this event. Six months after the liver transplant and subsequent ICU admission, our patient developed hip pain, thus limiting her mobility, ability to engage in physiotherapy and rehabilitation. X-rays were performed that excluded any acute pathology. She was still receiving high-dose steroids at this time. When the pain did not resolve with analgesia, MRI of pelvis and knee was performed and the patient was found to have polyarticular AVN. Acute bilateral total hip replacement was performed and within weeks, the patient returned to physiotherapy and to full rehabilitation. Conservative management of the patella was favoured. Over two years later, the patient can now mobilise independently.

The role of acute total hip replacement is evident in this case, and how in performing this surgery, the overall conditioning and health of our patient improved drastically. Currently, cases reporting A. phalloides ingestion are few and we wish to use this case to highlight the differential diagnosis in a patient presenting with joint pain in this context of fungus ingestion, organ transplant or prolonged steroid use.

• Bone marrow edema
• Chondrosis
• Insufficiency fracture of the knee
• Meniscus
• Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee
• Stress fracture of the knee

Osteonecrosis (ON) is a painful condition involving bony cell death with resultant architectural collapse. This report discusses the case of a 50-year-old Caucasian female who presented to an outpatient musculoskeletal clinic with severe chronic left knee pain. She had a history of ulcerative colitis and resultant chronic corticosteroid exposure with subsequent development of knee ON. She was treated with an intraosseous autologous bone marrow concentrate (BMC), demineralized bone matrix (DBM), and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection. At 11 months post-injection, she demonstrated a significant improvement in pain scores, mobility, activity, and decreased narcotic use. Intraosseous orthobiologic injection for the treatment of knee ON is a promising procedure with a reasonable safety profile that warrants further study as an alternative to surgical intervention.

• bone marrow concentrate
• knee avascular necrosis
• osteonecrosis

• AVN
• Edema-like marrow signal intensity
• MRI
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• SIFK

• Bone Marrow
• Bone Marrow Diseases/diagnostic imaging
• Edema/diagnostic imaging
• Humans
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Osteoarthritis

• Università degli Studi di Firenze

• Chondrosis
• Lateral femoral condyle insufficiency fractures
• Meniscus tears
• Osteopenia/osteoporosis
• Subchondral insufficiency fractures

• femoral condyles
• osteochondral allografting
• steroid-associated osteonecrosis
• survivorship

• Avascular necrosis
• Insufficiency fracture
• MRI
• SONK

Objective  The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of combined zoledronic acid and alendronate therapy on bone edema and knee pain in cases of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee. We report our experience with this treatment.

Methods  A retrospective case series of 11 patients with spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee confirmed by magnetic resonance image (MRI). The patients were treated with a single dose of 5 mg of intravenous zoledronic acid combined with 35 mg twice a week of oral alendronate, for 16 weeks. The visual analogue scale scores were noted before the beginning of the therapy, at 8 weeks, and at 16 weeks of follow-up. The size of the bone marrow edema adjacent to the lesion was measured on T2-weighted MRI coronal images at the beginning of the therapy and at 16 weeks.

Results  The average visual analogue scale score at 0 weeks was of 7.72, and of 0.81 at 16 weeks of therapy; the difference was statistically significant ( p  = 0.03). The mean bone marrow involvement at 0 weeks was of 80%, which reduced to 11.81% at 16 weeks of therapy. This change was statistically significant ( p  = 0.03).

Conclusion  Our data shows that the combination therapy causes early pain relief and reduction of the bone edema, and it is safe, effective and well-tolerated for a painful disease entity like spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee.

• bisphosphonates
• knee joint
• necrosis
• osteoarthritis

Secondary osteonecrosis of the knee is a rare event. There are few reports regarding management of this condition. The aim of the present study is to report treatment outcomes for secondary osteonecrosis of the lateral condyle treated with unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA).

A 54-year-old woman with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, who received low-dosage corticosteroids, complained of knee pain for 5 years and difficulty walking in the last 5 months. Fixed-bearing lateral UKA was performed under general anesthesia combined with midthigh saphenous nerve block. The patient could walk without ambulation aid shortly after the operation and achieved satisfactory knee joint function at the 6-week follow-up. The knee society score (KSS) increased from 68 to 91. The follow-up period was up to 1 year. There was no pain, loosening, or fracture of the prosthesis at the latest follow-up.

This case study demonstrates successful management of secondary osteonecrosis of the lateral femoral condyle is possible with a fixed bearing lateral UKA. Early diagnosis, rigorous indication, and appropriate surgical techniques were critical to maximizing prosthesis stability in lateral UKA.

• Case report
• Lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty
• Secondary osteonecrosis of the knee
• Surgical methods

Post-arthroscopic osteonecrosis is a rare complication of arthroscopic surgery. The present study reported on a case of knee osteonecrosis after arthroscopic surgery. The patient, an 81-year-old male, presented with left knee pain and limited range of motion without any history of trauma. MRI revealed medial meniscus tear. Medial partial meniscectomy was performed using arthroscopy. The pain was found to be relieved due to the operation. However, there was an aggravation of pain after two months post-operatively. X-ray revealed that the subchondral bone in the medial femoral condyle (MFC) had collapsed. MRI revealed a large area of bone marrow edema in the MFC with cartilage delamination and subchondral flattening. Considering the age of the patient and the large area of bone necrosis, total knee arthroplasty was performed. At the 1-year follow-up, the Knee Society Knee Score improved from 44 points pre-operatively to 90 points and the Knee Society Functional Score was elevated from 35 to 90 points. Patient-reported outcome measures were assessed in the form of the Oxford Knee Score, which was 16. Furthermore, previous case reports of post-arthroscopic osteonecrosis were reviewed and the clinical and radiographic features, as well as the treatment, were summarized. If the patient complains of persistent and worsening pain after arthroscopy, particularly in elderly osteoporotic patients with meniscal tears or chondral lesions, the possibility of post-arthroscopic knee osteonecrosis should be considered. Diagnosis and treatment at the early stages are likely to be beneficial for the outcome.

• case report
• knee
• post-arthroscopic osteonecrosis
• review

• Bone endoscopy
• Bone graft
• Knee
• Medulloscopy
• Osteonecrosis

• Arnica
• bone marrow
• edema
• homeopathy
• knee

• daily teriparatide
• mri
• osteoporosis
• sonk
• vas

• Aged
• Biomarkers/blood
• Bone Density
• Bone Density Conservation Agents/therapeutic use
• Female
• Humans
• Knee Joint
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Male
• Osteonecrosis/diagnostic imaging
• Osteonecrosis/drug therapy
• Pain Measurement
• Teriparatide/administration & dosage
• Teriparatide/therapeutic use

Knee osteoarthritis is the most prevalent form of osteoarthritis and is becoming the main reason for progressive pain in knee joints. Arthroscopy combined with unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) is one of the effective methods for the treatment of severe unicompartmental knee arthritis. This surgical approach gives us the capacity to explore all the articular cavities and plays a vital role in UKA patient selection. However, some scholars think that the surgical procedure is traumatic and may increase the rate of surgical infection, and its clinical efficacy needs further study.

To compare the clinical effect of arthroscopy combined with UKA and UKA alone for patients suffering from unicompartmental osteoarthritis (OA).

A retrospective study was conducted on patients who were diagnosed with unicompartmental OA (Kellgren–Laurence grade ≥ III) and underwent UKA between October 2012 and November 2006. The patients were followed at 3, 6, and 12 mo and every 2 years thereafter. During each follow-up, the radiographic materials, the range of motion of knee and hospital for special surgery (HSS) score, knee society score and knee function score as recorded, and the modes and time of failure and revision details were collected as well.

Data on 104 patients (118 knees), including 54 patients (60 knees) in the arthroscopy combined with UKA group (group A) and 51 (58 knees) in UKA alone group (group B) were collected during an average follow-up duration of 7.25 years, excluding the cases who were lost to follow-up. At the final follow-up, 3 (5.0%) of 60 knees in group A compared with 4 (6.9%) of 58 knees in group B failed and converted to total knee arthroplasty, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.933). The percentage of patients receiving blood transfusion was 40% in group A, significantly lower than that in group B (67.2%; P = 0.003). Total volume of blood transfusion in group A was also significantly lower than that of group B (P = 0.001). Both groups improved significantly after operation in clinical symptoms and functions. HSS score, knee society score, and knee function score increased significantly at the latest follow-up compared to pre-operation in group A, from 59.6 ± 10.9 to 82.7 ± 9.3 (mean difference [MD], 23.2; 95%CI: 19.3-27.0; P = 0.000), 47.3 ± 6.3 to 76.2 ± 13.1 (MD, 28.9; 95%CI: 25.1-32.7; P = 0.000), and 57.5 ± 6.3 to 75.1 ± 19.6 (MD, 17.5; 95% CI: 12.1-23.0; P = 0.000); and in group B, from 59.3 ± 15.6 to 84.3 ± 10.1 (MD, 23.7; 95%CI: 18.9-28.5; P = 0.000), 49.1 ± 9.2 to 75.1 ± 13.2 (MD, 24.7; 95%CI: 19.9-29.5; P = 0.000), and 59.3 ± 9.0 to 77.4 ± 13.8 (MD, 17.2; 95%CI: 12.8-21.6; P = 0.000).

Arthroscopy combined with UKA and UKA alone both provide benefits in clinical symptom improvement and alignment correction. Arthroscopy combined with UKA does not increase the infection probability and surgical complications, and has an advantage in reducing the total volume of blood transfusion and the percentage of patients receiving blood transfusion.

• Arthroscopy
• Unicondylar knee arthroplasty
• Osteoarthritis
• Knee
• Follow-up studies

• Bone marrow edema
• Chondrosis
• Insufficiency fracture of the knee
• Meniscus
• Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee

To evaluate short-term outcomes for the biologic treatment of bone marrow edema (BME) of the knee using bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) and injectable demineralized bone matrix (iDBM).

We performed a review of prospectively collected data from patients who underwent treatment for bone marrow lesions (BMLs) of the knee using BMAC and iDBM (IntraOsseous BioPlasty; Arthrex, Naples, FL) between May 2017 and December 2018. Inclusion criteria included patients aged 18 to 65 years with the presence of BME on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the subchondral weightbearing region of the tibia or femoral condyle, with pain corresponding to the same compartment. The International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), pain visual analog scale (VAS), and 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) scores were used to evaluate clinical outcomes.

We evaluated 20 patients who were treated at a single academic medical institution over a mean 14.5-month follow-up (median, 14 months; range, 6-25 months). The average patient age was 51.7 years (range 38-62 years). Compared with preoperative values, the visual analog scale decreased from 7.0 to 1.3 (P = .008). The mean International Knee Documentation Committee scores improved from 29.2 to 66.1 (P = .063). Both the Physical and Mental Component Scores of the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey also showed improvement (Physical Component Score, P = .438; Mental Component Score, P = .563). Based on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging, 75% (3 of 4) of the BMLs demonstrated complete healing. The survival rate was 93% at 1-year follow-up.

Biologic treatment of BME of the knee using BMAC and iDBM is an effective adjunct to arthroscopy that provides short-term pain relief for BMLs associated with degenerative conditions of the knee. This procedure is associated with clinically significant improvements in knee pain and function at a short-term follow-up.

Level IV, therapeutic case series.

• Ankle
• Hip
• Knee
• Lower limb
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• Metatarsal
• Subchondral insufficiency fracture

• Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee
• anteromedial osteoarthritis
• unicompartmental knee arthroplasty

• avascular necrosis
• fresh allograft transplant
• joint preservation
• knee
• osteonecrosis

Osteonecrosis of the knee (ONK) is a form of aseptic necrosis resulting from ischemia to subchondral bone tissue. Typically, treatment is invasive. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) may provide a noninvasive alternative by improving oxygenation and reperfusion of ischemic areas. This study evaluates the efficacy of HBOT in a series of ONK patients.

This retrospective study evaluates 37 ONK patients (29 male, 8 female; mean age ± 1 standard deviation: 54 ± 14); 83.7% of patients presented with Aglietti stage I-II; 16.3% presented with Aglietti stage III. Patients were treated with HBOT once a day, 5 days a week, at 2.5 atmosphere absolute with 100% inspired oxygen by mask for an average of 67.9 ± 15 sessions. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed before HBOT, within 1 year after completion of HBOT, and in 14 patients, 7 years after treatment. Oxford Knee Scores (OKSs) were recorded before HBOT and at the end of each HBOT treatment cycle.

After the 30 sessions of HBOT, 86% of patients experienced improvement in their OKS, 11% worsened, and 3% did not change. All patients improved in OKS after 50 sessions. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation 1 year after HBOT completion showed that edema at the femoral condyle had resolved in all but 1 patient.

HBOT is beneficial for treating ONK. Patients experienced improvements in pain and mobility as demonstrated by improvement in OKS. Radiographic improvements were also seen upon post-treatment follow-up. Aglietti staging for the entire sample saw an aggregate decrease (P < .01) from 1.7 ± 0.7 to 0.3 ± 0.6.

• Aseptic necrosis
• Femoral condyles
• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT)
• MRI
• Osteonecrosis

• Biphasic scaffold
• Bone marrow cells
• Cartilage repair
• Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee

The purpose of our study was to evaluate safety, feasibility and clinical results of bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMC) implantation for early-stage osteonecrosis of the knee (OK) secondary to sickle cell disease.

Thirty-three SCD patients (45 knees) with OK treated with BMC implantation in the osteonecrotic lesion were clinically and functionally evaluated through the American Knee Society Clinical Score (KSS), Knee Functional Score (KFS) and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) pain score. MRI and radiographic examinations of the knee were assessed during a period of five years after intervention.

No complications or serious adverse event were associated with BMC implantation. From preoperative assessment to the latest follow-up, there was a significant (p < 0.001) improvement of clinical KSS (64.3 ± 9.7, range: 45–80 and 2.2 ± 4.1, range: 84–100, respectively), KFS (44.5 ± 8.0, range: 30–55 and 91.6 ± 5.8, range: 80–100, respectively) and reduction of NRS pain score (6.7 ± 1.2, range: 4–9 and 3.4 ± 1.0, range: 2–5, respectively). In total, 87% of patients (29/33) consistently experienced improvements in joint function and activity level as compared to preoperative score. No patient had additional surgery following BMC implantation. Radiographic assessment showed joint preservation and no progression to subchondral collapse at most recent follow-up.

The technique of BMC implantation is a promising, relatively simple and safe procedure for OK in SCD patients. Larger and long-term controlled trials are needed to support its clinical effectiveness.

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02448121. Retrospectively registered 19 May 2015.

• Avascular necrosis
• Cell implantation
• Joint preserving surgery
• Knee
• Osteonecrosis
• Sickle cell disease

• biomaterial
• bioreactors
• preclinical model
• scaffold
• three-dimensional microphysiological systems
• tissue engineering
• vascularized bone

• Bone and Bones/metabolism
• Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
• Humans
• Tissue Engineering/methods
• Tissue Scaffolds

• R835736 EPA
• UG3 TR002136 NCATS NIH HHS
• Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Health
• National Institutes of Health
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
• U.S. Department of Defense
• Center for the Advancement of Science in Space
• Ri.Med Foundation

• Conservative management
• Decompression and bone grafting
• Indian population
• Outcomes
• SPONK

• Adult
• Aged
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
• Asian People
• Bone Transplantation/adverse effects
• Bone Transplantation/methods
• Cohort Studies
• Conservative Treatment/adverse effects
• Conservative Treatment/methods
• Decompression, Surgical/methods
• Diphosphonates/therapeutic use
• Female
• Humans
• India
• Knee Joint/pathology
• Knee Joint/surgery
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Osteonecrosis/diagnosis
• Osteonecrosis/ethnology
• Osteonecrosis/therapy
• Prospective Studies
• Severity of Illness Index
• Treatment Outcome

Bone marrow lesions (BML) of the knee are a frequent MRI finding, present in many different pathologies including trauma, post-cartilage surgery, osteoarthritis, transient BML syndromes, spontaneous insufficiency fractures, and true osteonecrosis.

Cite this article: Marcacci M, Andriolo L, Kon E, Shabshin N, Filardo G. Aetiology and pathogenesis of bone marrow lesions and osteonecrosis of the knee. EFORT Open Rev 2016;1:219-224. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.1.000044.

• MRI
• bone marrow lesions
• bone marrow oedema
• knee
• osteonecrosis
• subchondral insufficiency fractures
• subchondral pathology

• Biomechanical treatment
• Function
• Pain
• SONK

• Bone marrow lesions
• Bone marrow oedema
• Knee
• MRI
• Osteonecrosis
• Subchondral insufficiency fractures
• Subchondral pathology