• Adolescents
• Age-related
• Lower limb explosive strength
• Plyometric training

• Humans
• Adolescent
• Plyometric Exercise/methods
• Female
• Male
• Lower Extremity/physiology
• Muscle Strength/physiology
• Athletic Performance/physiology
• Age Factors

• 22KJCX013 22KJCX013
• GD22CTY09 GD22CTY09

• History dependence
• Isometric contraction phase
• Mechanosensing
• Muscle stretching
• Performance enhancement
• Stretch–shortening cycle

• Animals
• Rats
• Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/physiology
• Isometric Contraction/physiology
• Male
• Muscle Contraction/physiology
• Rats, Wistar
• Biomechanical Phenomena

• 354863464 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

• Elbow
• Overhead throwing athlete
• Rehabilitation
• Shoulder

• Humans
• Athletic Injuries/rehabilitation
• Athletic Injuries/physiopathology
• Elbow Injuries
• Shoulder Injuries
• Elbow Joint
• Shoulder Joint

• Baseball
• Overhead athlete
• Return to play
• Return to throw
• Ulnar collateral ligament

• Humans
• Return to Sport
• Baseball/injuries
• Athletic Injuries/rehabilitation
• Shoulder Injuries

• Agility
• Cutting
• Intervention
• Team-sport athletes
• Youth

• Humans
• Adolescent
• Athletes
• Athletic Performance/physiology
• Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/prevention & control
• Athletic Injuries/prevention & control

• concentric
• echography
• electromyography
• plyometrics
• push-ups
• street workout

• explosive strength
• jump
• performance
• types of training

• agility
• athletes
• basketball
• training methods

• Basketball
• Humans
• Athletic Performance/physiology
• Physical Conditioning, Human/methods
• Motor Skills/physiology

• Agility
• Plyometric exercise
• Power
• Reaction time
• Sprint speed
• Strength

• Adolescent
• Humans
• Plyometric Exercise/methods
• Physical Fitness/physiology
• Muscle Strength/physiology
• Athletes
• Racquet Sports
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

• agility
• balance
• plyometric compound exercise
• power
• transcranial direct current stimulation

• adolescents
• athletes
• explosive strength
• meta-analysis
• plyometric training

• Humans
• Adolescent
• Plyometric Exercise/methods
• Muscle Strength
• Athletic Performance
• Lower Extremity
• Athletes

• agility
• muscular strength
• plyometric training
• power
• skill
• speed

• Concurrent training
• Long-distance runners
• Running performance

Shoulder is the most injured part in table tennis players, and it takes multiple roles in transmitting power and striking the center of the ball during the stroke. Proprioception is strongly correlated with high level of athletic performance. It is customary to assume that there is a correlation between proprioception and muscle strength and therefore proprioceptive assessment and rehabilitation is often neglected.

To investigate the correlation between isokinetic muscle strength and proprioception in the internal and external rotation muscle groups of elite Chinese male table tennis players, to provide reference for physical training and rehabilitation of elite table tennis players.

A total of 19 national elite table tennis players from the Chinese National Table Tennis Team were recruited in this research. All of them had more than 10 years training experience and had participated major competitions such as the National Games and World Youth Championships. IsoMed 2000 was used to test the peak torque of internal and external rotation isokinetic concentric contraction of the athletes' bilateral shoulder joints at low speed (60°/s) and high speed (180°/s) respectively; IsoMed 2000 was used to conduct the Joint Position Reproduction test to evaluate the athletes' proprioceptive ability capacity at low speed (60°/s) and high speed (180°/s) respectively. If the data satisfied the normal distribution, the correlation between the differences in peak torque s and angles in different directions was analyzed using a Pearson simple linear model; otherwise, Spearman correlation analysis was used. The comparison of proprioceptive ability between the table tennis racket-holding hand and non-racket-holding hands was performed using independent samples t-test if the data satisfied a normal distribution; otherwise, the Mann-Whitney U test was used.

There was no direct linear correlation between the strength and proprioceptive correlation analysis at slow speed (60°/s) and fast speed (180°/s) in the racket-holding hand; At the slow speed (60°/s) and fast speed (180°/s), there was no correlation between muscle strength and proprioception in the non-racket-holding hand except for the internal rotation variable error (VE) and external rotation relative peak torque, which showed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.477, P < 0.05), (r = 0.554, P < 0.05). The internal rotation’s constant error (CE) and VE were 1.06 ± 3.99 and 2.94 ± 2.16, respectively, for the racket-holding hand, and -3.36 ± 2.39 and 1.22 ± 0.93, respectively, for the non-racket-holding hand; the internal rotation’s CE, VE of the racket-holding hand was lower than that of the non-racket-holding hand, and there was a highly significant difference (P < 0.01).

There was no correlation between muscle strength and proprioceptive function in the internal and external rotation of the racket-holding hand’s shoulder in elite Chinese male table tennis players. These results may be useful for interventions for shoulder injuries and for the inclusion of proprioceptive training in rehabilitation programs.

• Elite table tennis player
• Shoulder
• Proprioception
• Muscle strength
• Correlation analysis

An investigation into the histological changes in skeletal muscle fibres and jump performance indicators after 8 weeks of plyometric squat jump training was conducted. Healthy inactive participants (n = 13; age: 21.5 ± 1.7 year.; height: 173.6 ± 10.7 cm; weight: 68.5 ± 18.4 kg; BMI 22.4 ± 3.8 kg/m²) were recruited, where eight participants completed plyometric squat jump training and five control participants refrained from performing any jumping activities. Blood samples, vastus lateralis muscle biopsies and functional testing (peak and average power, peak and average velocity, maximal jump height) were collected/recorded 10 days prior to and 3 days after the training/rest period. Participants completed 1644 squat jumps over an 8-week training period of 24 sessions with a progressive increase in the number of squat jumps. The trained group significantly increased their jumping average and peak power (mean increases in average power: 16.7 ± 1.2% and peak power: 8.2% ± 0.1) and velocity (mean increases in average velocity: 13.7 ± 0.1% and peak velocity: 5.2% ± 0.03), resulting in a 25% improvement in vertical jump height. No muscle morphological changes in terms of the cross-sectional area (CSA) or muscle-fibre-type transition were observed after the plyometric training. Improvements in the functional performance indicators following training may more likely be explained by sarcomere ultrastructural adaptation, which did not directly affect myosin heavy chain or CSA.

This study was the first to compare the differences in trunk/shoulder kinematics and impact vibration of the upper extremity during backhand strokes in wheelchair tennis players and the able-bodied players relative to standing and sitting positions, adopting an electromagnetic system along with wearable tri-axial accelerometers upon target body segments. A total of 15 wheelchair tennis players and 15 able-bodied tennis players enrolled. Compared to players in standing positions, wheelchair players demonstrated significant larger forward trunk rotation in the pre-preparation, acceleration, and deceleration phase. Significant higher trunk angular velocity/acceleration and shoulder flexion/internal rotation angular velocity/acceleration were also found. When able-bodied players changed from standing to sitting positions, significant changes were observed in the degree of forward rotation of the trunk and shoulder external rotation. These indicated that when the functions of the lower limbs and trunk are lacking or cannot be used effectively, “biomechanical solutions” such as considerable reinforcing movements need to be made before the hitting movement. The differences between wheelchair tennis players and able-bodied players in sitting positions could represent the progress made as the wheelchair players evolve from novices to experts. Knowledge about how sport biomechanics change regarding specific disabilities can facilitate safe and inclusive participation in disability sports such as wheelchair tennis.

• accelerometer
• biomechanics
• shoulder
• trunk
• wheelchair tennis

• Biomechanical Phenomena
• Humans
• Shoulder
• Tennis
• Upper Extremity
• Vibration
• Wheelchairs

• adolescent sports
• muscle strength
• physiological adaptation
• postural balance
• stretch-shortening exercise
• surface electromyography

• Elbow
• Overhead athlete
• Rehabilitation
• Ulnar collateral ligament

• Concentric-only
• linear position transducer
• strength testing
• stretch-shortening cycle
• velocity-based training

• pediatric athletes
• pediatric injuries
• pitching
• upper extremity

• UCL
• baseball
• elbow
• pitching
• surgery
• throwing
• ulnar collateral ligament

• Overarm throw
• biomechanics
• coaching
• mechanics of throwing
• performance

• Plyometric training
• athletic performance
• complex training
• upper body cycle
• upper extremity

• Plyometrics
• Return-to-play
• Return-to-throw

• Upper body plyometric
• Upper extremity plyometric
• Upper limb plyometric

• Functional rehabilitation
• Neuromuscular training
• Proprioception
• Return to play

• Alternative therapy
• Athlete
• Orthotics
• Rehabilitation
• Strength training
• Taping
• Upper extremity

The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of 3 training protocols (plyometric [PLYO], agility [AG], or repeated shuttle sprints [RS]) on physical performance in the same population of young soccer players. Forty-two youth-level male players (13.6±0.3-years; 1.65±0.07 m; 54.1±6.5 kg; body fat: 12.8±2.6%) participated in a short-term (6-week) randomized parallel fully controlled training study (pre-to-post measurements): PLYO group, n=10; AG group, n=10; RS group, n=12; and control group [CON] n=10. PLYO training = 9 lower limb exercises (2-3 sets of 8-12 repetitions). The AG group performed planned AG drills and direction changes. RS training consisted of 2-4 sets of 5-6x 20 to 30 m shuttle sprints (20 seconds recovery in between). Progressive overload principles were incorporated into the programme by increasing the number of foot contacts and varying the complexity of the exercises. Pre/post-training tests were: bilateral standing horizontal jump, and unilateral horizontal jumps, sprint (30 m with 10 m lap time), agility (20 m zigzag), and repeated sprint ability (RSA) (i.e. 6x30 m shuttle sprints: 2x15 m with 180° turns). Significant main effects for time (i.e. training application) and group (training type) were detected. Improvements in horizontal jumping were higher (p<0.01: ES=large) in PLYO. The RS group improved significantly more (p<0.01; ES=large) than other groups: 30 m sprint, RSA_best and RSA_mean performances. Significantly greater increases in 20 m zigzag performance were observed following AG and RS training (4.0 and 3.8%, respectively) compared with PLYO (2.0%) and CON training (0.8%). No significant differences were reported in the RSA_dec between groups. Elite young male soccer players’ physical performances can be significantly and specifically improved either using PLYO or AG or RSA training over short-term in-season training.

• Agility
• In-season
• Plyometric training
• Repeated sprint
• Team player

• core stability
• lower limb stability
• plyometric exercises

Plyometric training (PT) is a technique used to increase strength and explosiveness. It consists of physical exercises in which muscles exert maximum force at short intervals to increase dynamic performances. In such a training, muscles undergo a rapid elongation followed by an immediate shortening (stretch-shortening contraction), utilizing the elastic energy stored during the stretching phase. There is consensus on the fact that when used, PT contributes to improvement in vertical jump performance, acceleration, leg strength, muscular power, increase of joint awareness and overall sport-specific skills. Consequently, PT which was primarily used by martial artists, sprinters and high jumpers to improve performances has gained in popularity and has been used by athletes in all types of sports. However, although PT has been shown to increase performance variables in many sports, little scientific information is currently available to determine whether PT actually enhances skill performance in soccer players, considering that soccer is an extremely demanding sport. Soccer players require dynamic muscular performance for fighting at all levels of training status, including rapid movements such as acceleration and deceleration of the body, change of direction, vertical and horizontal jumps, endurance, speed as well as power for kicking and tackling. In this review we discussed the effects of PT on soccer players by considering gender and age categories.

• depth jump
• force
• muscular performance
• plyometrics training
• soccer players
• stretch-shortening cycle

• Injury prevention
• Javelin
• Junior athletes
• Motion analysis
• Scapular motion analysis
• Throwers shoulder

Implementation of overhead activity, a key component of many professional sports, requires an effective and balanced activation of the shoulder girdle muscles, particularly during forceful external rotation (ER) motions.

To identify activation strategies of 16 shoulder girdle muscles/muscle segments during common shoulder ER exercises.

Descriptive laboratory study.

Thirty healthy subjects were included in this study, and 16 shoulder girdle muscles/muscle segments were investigated (surface electrode: anterior, middle, and posterior deltoid; upper, middle, and lower trapezius; serratus anterior; teres major; upper and lower latissimus dorsi; and upper and lower pectoralis major; fine wire electrodes: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and rhomboid major) using a telemetric electromyography (EMG) system. Five ER exercises (standing ER at 0° and 90° of abduction, with underarm towel roll, prone ER at 90° of abduction, side-lying ER with underarm towel) were studied. Exercise EMG amplitudes were normalized to EMG at maximum ER force in a standard position. Univariate analysis of variance and post hoc analysis applied on EMG activity of each muscle were used to assess the main effect of the exercise condition.

Muscular activity differed significantly among the ER exercises (P < .05 to P < .001). The greatest activation for anterior and middle deltoid, supraspinatus, upper trapezius, and serratus anterior occurred during standing ER at 90° of abduction; for posterior deltoid, middle trapezius, and rhomboid during side-lying ER with underarm towel; for lower trapezius, upper and lower latissimus dorsi, subscapularis, and teres major during prone ER at 90° of abduction; and for the clavicular and sternal part of the pectoralis major during standing ER with underarm towel.

Key glenohumeral and scapular muscles can be optimally activated during specific ER exercises, particularly in positions that stimulate athletic overhead motions.

These results enable sports medicine professionals to target specific muscles during shoulder rehabilitation protocols while minimizing the effect of others, providing a foundation for optimal evidence-based exercise prescription. They also provide information for tailored muscle training and injury prevention in overhead sports.

• electromyography
• external rotation
• overhead sports
• rehabilitation
• shoulder exercises

• epicondylalgia
• prognosis
• tennis elbow

• EMG
• plyometrics
• shoulder

• Proprioception
• Rehabilitation
• Return to function
• Shoulder instability