• cell-free therapy
• companion animals
• cruciate ligament disease
• meniscus
• osteoarthritis
• patellar luxation
• stifle joint

• UIDP/00772/2020 523 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/00772/2020) Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia
• LA/P/0059/2020, LA/P/0008/2020 (doi: 524 10.54499/LA/P/0008/2020) Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia
• UIDP/50006/2020(doi: 10.54499/UIDP/50006/2020), UIDB/50006/2020 525 (doi: 10.54499/UIDB/50006/2020) Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia
• CEECINST/00127/2018 UTAD, (https://doi.org/10.54499/CEEC-526 INST/00127/2018/CP1501/CT0008) Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia
• AEROPHAGE 2022.05157.CEECIND/CP1735/CT001) Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S) (https://doi.org/10.54499/2022.05157.CEEC- IND/CP1735/CT0011). Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia

• L-PRP
• PPP
• S. pseudintermedius
• antimicrobial effect
• dog

• Piano di Sostegno alla Ricerca 2018-2019, Linea 2 University of Milan, Italy

• Blood cell Secretome
• Dog
• Hip
• Orthobiologic
• Osteoarthritis
• Pain

• Animals
• Dogs
• Dog Diseases/drug therapy
• Male
• Female
• Injections, Intra-Articular/veterinary
• Osteoarthritis, Hip/veterinary
• Osteoarthritis, Hip/drug therapy
• Cross-Over Studies
• Secretome
• Administration, Intravenous
• Osteoarthritis/veterinary
• Osteoarthritis/drug therapy

• Cartilage
• Osteoarthritis
• Platelet
• Platelet-rich plasma
• Regenerative medicine

• Humans
• Osteoarthritis, Knee/therapy
• Osteoarthritis, Knee/physiopathology
• Blood Platelets/metabolism
• Platelet-Rich Plasma
• Animals
• Regeneration/physiology
• Regenerative Medicine/methods
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

• OA
• PRP
• dog
• elbow dysplasia
• stem cell

• N2013-0005 Agria Pet Insurance Research Foundation
• N2013-0005 Agria Pet Insurance Research Foundation

• Dogs
• Animals
• Anterior Cruciate Ligament/surgery
• Hyaluronic Acid/therapeutic use
• Prospective Studies
• Recovery of Function
• Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/surgery
• Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/veterinary
• Stifle/surgery
• Osteoarthritis/surgery
• Osteoarthritis/veterinary
• Platelet-Rich Plasma
• Tibia/surgery
• Dog Diseases/drug therapy
• Dog Diseases/surgery
• Rupture/surgery
• Rupture/veterinary

• Canine platelets
• Growth factors
• Mesenchymal stem cells
• Platelet-rich fibrin
• Platelet-rich plasma
• Tissue regeneration

• Animals
• Dogs
• Blood Platelets
• Wound Healing
• Platelet-Rich Plasma/physiology
• Regenerative Medicine
• Osteoarthritis/veterinary
• Dog Diseases/drug therapy

• chronic pain
• dog
• orthopedics
• osteoarthritis
• photobiomodulation
• platelet-rich plasma
• regenerative therapy

• aural hematoma
• canine
• platelet-rich plasma
• regenerative therapies
• treatment

• Dogs
• Animals
• Retrospective Studies
• Surgical Wound Infection
• Lameness, Animal
• Leukocytes
• Osteotomy
• Platelet-Rich Plasma

• autologous conditioned serum
• biologic
• equine
• intra-articular
• mesenchymal stromal cell
• platelet rich plasma

• T32 OD010437 NIH HHS
• U.S. Department of Agriculture

• Blood Cell Secretome
• dog
• hip
• orthobiologic
• osteoarthritis
• pain
• triamcinolone

This study provides initial information on the effect of platelet rich plasma in some of the most important pro-inflammatory cytokines identified in osteoarthritic stifle joint in dogs. The use of platelet rich plasma is getting more popular in the veterinary field but its effect in those cytokines is not known.

Evaluation of effect of Leukoreduced Platelet Rich Plasma (LrPRP) on TNF-α and IL-6 (pro-inflammatory cytokines) in joint fluid in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR). Eight client-owned dogs with CCLR were assigned to treatment (2 mL LrPRP) or control (2 mL saline) injection groups. Day of evaluation (day 0) and day of surgery (day 10–14), joint fluid was collected and joint injected. Joint fluid was also collected on day of suture removal (day 20–28). TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations of joint fluid were measured using a bead-based antibody assay. Concentrations at the later time points were expressed as a ratio to the initial level within each stifle. LrPRP had a mean concentration of platelets 1.7 times higher that of whole blood on day of evaluation and 1.4 times higher on day of the surgery. Leukocytes were reduced by 99.7%. On day of surgery, TNF-α ratios in the joint fluid from dogs injected with LrPRP were significantly different that TNF-α ratios of control group. On the day of suture removal ratios of IL-6 and TNF-α were lower in LrPRP treatment group compared with control group; however, differences were not significant. LrPRP modulate ratios of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in dogs with CCLR.

Osteoarthritis represents a significant welfare problem for many dogs, with limited therapeutic options other than palliative pain control. To evaluate the effect of the intra-articular administration of blood cell secretome and triamcinolone, 15 dogs with bilateral hip osteoarthritis were randomly assigned to a blood cell secretome (BCSG, n = 5), triamcinolone (TG) or their combination group (BCS + TG, n = 5). BCSG received a single intra-articular administration of 3 ml of blood cell secretome, TG 0.5 ml of triamcinolone acetonide 40 mg/ml, and BCS + TG received the combined products. The volume to administrate was corrected to 3.5 ml with saline. On days 0, 8, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180, a copy of the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (divided into pain interference score—PIS and Pain Severity Score—PSS), Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs (LOAD), Hudson Visual Analogue Scale (HVAS), and Canine Orthopedic Index (COI, divided into function, gait, stiffness, and quality of life) was completed. Results were analyzed with the Kruskal–Wallis test and the Kaplan–Meier estimators were conducted and compared with the Log Rank test, p < 0.05.

Animals in the sample had a mean age of 9.0 ± 2.9 years and a bodyweight of 28.8 ± 4.1 kg. Hips were classified as moderate (8) and severe (7) osteoarthritis. No differences were found between groups at T0 regarding considered evaluations. Significant differences were observed between groups in pain scores from + 8d- + 150d, with BCS + TG exhibiting better results. The same was observed for HVAS and LOAD, from + 8d- + 120d. Improvements were also observed in several dimensions of the COI. Kaplan–Meier estimators showed that BCS + TG produced longer periods with better results, followed by BCSG and TG.

The intra-articular administration of blood cell secretome improved the clinical signs and scores of several clinical metrology instruments in dogs with hip OA, particularly when combined with triamcinolone. Further studies are required.

• Blood cell secretome
• Dog
• Hip
• Osteoarthritis
• Pain
• Triamcinolone

The Canadian consensus guidelines on OA treatment were created from a diverse group of experts, with a strong clinical and/or academic background in treating OA in dogs. The document is a summary of the treatment recommendations made by the group, with treatments being divided into either a core or secondary recommendation. Each treatment or modality is then summarized in the context of available research based support and clinical experience, as the treatment of OA continues to be a multimodal and commonly a multidisciplinary as well as individualized approach. The guidelines aim to help clinicians by providing clear and clinically relevant information about treatment options based on COAST defined OA stages 1–4.

The purpose of this study was 2-fold: to evaluate whether the timing of collection influences the platelet counts and leukocyte counts of PRP samples, and to evaluate growth factor concentrations in canine PRP after freezing and storage without a preservation agent for 6 months of time.

Whole blood collection was performed three times over the course of 4 weeks. All PRP samples were evaluated with a CBC analysis. The PRP samples were frozen and stored without a preservation agent for the duration of the 4-week study.

The platelet and leukocyte counts were not statistically significant between the timing of blood draws over the course of 4 weeks. All three growth factors were present in measurable quantities after freezing and storage for 6 months without a preservation agent.

PDGF, TGF-β1, and VEGF were all present in measurable quantities. Furthermore, PDGF and TGF-β1 were correlated with platelet count of the final PRP. VEGF concentrations were able to be quantified. We correctly hypothesized growth factor concentrations would be present and measurable in canine PRP frozen and stored without a preservation agent for 6 months.

• dog
• freezing
• growth factor concentrations
• platelet concentration
• platelet rich plasma

Regenerative medicine using platelet-based blood products or adult stem cells offers the prospect of better clinical outcomes with many diseases. In veterinary medicine, most progress has been made with the development and therapeutic use of these regenerative therapeutics in horses, but the clinical need is given in dogs as well. Our aim was to transfer previous advances in the development of horse regenerative therapeutics, specifically the use of platelet lysate for feeding stem cell cultures, to the dog. Here, we describe the scalable production of canine platelet lysate, which could be used in regenerative biological therapies. We also evaluated the canine platelet lysate for its suitability in feeding canine stem cell cultures in comparison to equine platelet lysate used for equine stem cell cultures. Platelet lysate production from canine blood was successful, but the platelet lysate did not support stem cell culture in dogs in the same beneficial way observed with the equine platelet lysate and stem cells. In conclusion, canine platelet lysate can be produced in large scales as described here, but further research is needed to improve the cultivation of canine stem cells.

Platelet lysate (PL) is an attractive platelet-based therapeutic tool and has shown promise as xeno-free replacement for fetal bovine serum (FBS) in human and equine mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) culture. Here, we established a scalable buffy-coat-based protocol for canine PL (cPL) production (n = 12). The cPL was tested in canine adipose MSC (n = 5) culture compared to FBS. For further comparison, equine adipose MSC (n = 5) were cultured with analogous equine PL (ePL) or FBS. During canine blood processing, platelet and transforming growth factor-β1 concentrations increased (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001), while white blood cell concentrations decreased (p < 0.05). However, while equine MSC showed good results when cultured with 10% ePL, canine MSC cultured with 2.5% or 10% cPL changed their morphology and showed decreased metabolic activity (p < 0.05). Apoptosis and necrosis in canine MSC were increased with 2.5% cPL (p < 0.05). Surprisingly, passage 5 canine MSC showed less genetic aberrations after culture with 10% cPL than with FBS. Our data reveal that using analogous canine and equine biologicals does not entail the same results. The buffy-coat-based cPL was not adequate for canine MSC culture, but may still be useful for therapeutic applications.

• canine
• cell fitness
• equine
• mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC)
• platelet lysate

• Cartilage
• Disease-modifying
• Injection
• Intra-articular
• Osteoarthritis
• Platelet-rich plasma (PRP)

• antibacterial effect
• dogs
• leucocytes
• platelet concentrates
• platelet lysate
• platelet-poor plasma
• platelet-rich plasma

• Adipose tissue
• Flow cytometry
• Intra-articular injection
• Mann-Whitney U tests
• Osteoarthritis
• Osteoarthritis (OA)
• Platelet-rich plasma
• Stem cells
• adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells
• clinical outcomes
• gait analysis
• platelet-rich plasma (PRP)
• stem cells

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most commonly diagnosed joint disease in companion animals, and hip OA is commonly diagnosed in the canine population. The use of platelet-rich plasma has gained increasing interest for the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions in companion animals. To evaluate the effect of the intra-articular administration of platelet-rich plasma in police working dogs with bilateral hip OA compared to a control group, twenty dogs were assigned to a control group (CG, n = 10) or treatment group (PG, n = 10), using the statistical analysis software. PG received two intra-articular administrations of platelet-rich plasma, 14 days apart, while CG received an intra-articular administration of saline, in the same moments. Response to treatment was determined with the Canine Brief Pain Inventory, Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs, Canine Orthopedic Index, and Hudson Visual Analogue Scale, before treatment, + 8, + 15, + 30, + 60, + 90, + 120, 150, and + 180 days after initial treatment. Kaplan-Meier estimators were conducted and compared with the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to determine treatment survival, p < 0.05.

The sample comprised 20 animals of both sexes (male n = 12, female n = 8), with a mean age of 8.4 ± 2.4 years and a bodyweight of 31.5 ± 5.7 kg. Joints were classified as moderate (13) and severe (7) according to the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals grading scheme. No differences were found between groups at the initial evaluation. Better results with the majority of scores were observed in the PG, in some cases lasting up to the last evaluation moment. Kaplan-Meier estimators showed that PG produced longer periods with better results in all scores compared to CG. Treatment was the covariate influencing all scores in the Cox regression analysis. OFA hip score also influenced two dimensions of the Canine Orthopedic Index.

The intra-articular administration of platelet-rich plasma can improve pain and functional scores of police working dogs with bilateral hip OA, compared with a control group. Its effects lasted for significantly longer periods, and treatment was the main covariate affecting the improvements observed.

• Dog
• Hip
• Osteoarthritis
• Pain
• Platelet-rich plasma
• Regenerative therapy

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative disease that manifests as pain and inflammation and often results in total joint replacement. There is significant interest in understanding how intra-articular injections made from autologous blood or bone marrow could alleviate symptoms and potentially intervene in the progression of the disease. There is in vitro an in vivo evidence that suggests that these therapies, including platelet-rich plasma (PRP), autologous anti-inflammatories (AAIs), and concentrated bone marrow aspirate (cBMA), can interrupt cartilage matrix degradation driven by pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review analyzes the evidence for and against inclusion of white blood cells, the potential role of platelets, and the less studied potential role of blood plasma when combining these components to create an autologous point-of-care therapy to treat OA. There has been significant focus on the differences between the various autologous therapies. However, evidence suggests that there may be more in common between groups and perhaps we should be thinking of these therapies on a spectrum of the same technology, each providing significant levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines that can be antagonists against the inflammatory cytokines driving OA symptoms and progression. While clinical data have demonstrated symptom alleviation, more studies will need to be conducted to determine whether these preclinical disease-modifying findings translate into clinical practice.

• autologous anti-inflammatory
• concentrated bone marrow aspirate
• intra-articular injection
• mechanism of action
• osteoarthritis
• platelet-rich plasma

• Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
• Humans
• Injections, Intra-Articular
• Knee Joint/immunology
• Knee Joint/pathology
• Osteoarthritis, Knee/immunology
• Osteoarthritis, Knee/pathology
• Osteoarthritis, Knee/therapy
• Platelet-Rich Plasma
• Point-of-Care Systems

• C-reactive protein
• animal model
• autologous platelet concentrate
• clinical metrology instruments
• digital radiography
• digital thermography
• dog
• interleukin 1
• osteoarthritis
• pain
• stance analysis

• osteoarthritis
• cartilage

• Animals
• Dogs
• Female
• Male
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
• Blood Platelets/chemistry
• Dog Diseases/mortality
• Dog Diseases/pathology
• Dog Diseases/physiopathology
• Dog Diseases/therapy
• Forelimb
• Hindlimb
• Hyaluronic Acid/analogs & derivatives
• Hyaluronic Acid/therapeutic use
• Osteoarthritis/mortality
• Osteoarthritis/pathology
• Osteoarthritis/therapy
• Osteoarthritis/veterinary
• Pain/drug therapy
• Pain/mortality
• Pain/pathology
• Pain/veterinary
• Pain Management
• Proportional Hazards Models
• Prospective Studies
• Severity of Illness Index
• Stanozolol/therapeutic use
• Triamcinolone Acetonide/analogs & derivatives
• Triamcinolone Acetonide/therapeutic use
• Working Dogs

• animal model
• hylan G-F 20
• intra-articular
• osteoarthritis
• pain
• platelet
• triamcinolone

This study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic effect of allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs on dogs with hip osteoarthritis (OA). Twenty dogs with bilateral osteoarthritis of the coxofemoral (hip) joint, diagnosed by a veterinarian through physical examination and radiographs were randomly allocated into four groups. Group 1 served as a placebo control and were injected with 0.9% sodium chloride (saline) (n = 4). Group 2 were injected with a single dose of 5 million MSCs (n = 5). Group 3 received a single dose of 25 million MSCs (n = 6) and Group 4 received a single dose of 50 million MSCs (n = 5). Intra-articular administration of allogeneic MSCs into multiple joints did not result in any serious adverse events. The average lameness score of the dogs in the placebo control group (−0.31) did not show improvement after 90 days of intra-articular saline administration. However, the average lameness score of the all MSC-treated dogs was improved 2.11 grade at this time point (P < 0.001). Overall, sixty five percent (65%) of the dogs that received various doses of MSCs showed improvement in lameness scores 90 days after intra-articular MSC administration. Our results showed that intra-articular administration of allogeneic adipose derived MSCs was well-tolerated and improved lameness scores and reduced pain in dogs associated with hip OA. All doses of MSCs were effective. Subsequent studies with more animals per group are needed to make a conclusion about the dose response. The improved lameness effect was present up to 90 days post-injection. Serum interleukin 10 was increased in a majority of the dogs that received MSCs and that also had improved lameness.

• MSC
• OA
• adipose
• allogeneic
• canine
• inflammation
• lameness
• pain

• cytokines
• fibrin
• growth factors
• platelet-therapy
• regenerative medicine: nomenclature standardization

Osteoarthritis is a progressive and degenerative condition that affects dog populations, causing pain. The pain associated with osteoarthritis is considered to be chronic, owing to both active inflammation and to a maladaptive component caused by central sensitization. Chronic pain in dogs is being increasingly recognised as a significant problem, and finding successful treatments against canine osteoarthritis-related pain is challenging. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy in pain management over a twelve-week period of oral transmucosal cannabidiol, in combination with a multimodal pharmacological protocol, in dogs affected by spontaneous osteoarthritis. Dogs receiving oral transmucosal cannabidiol in addition to an anti-inflammatory drug, gabapentin and amitriptyline showed a meaningful improvement in Canine Brief Pain Inventory scores, in comparison with dogs that did not receive cannabidiol. The present study suggests that the addition of oral transmucosal cannabidiol to a multimodal pharmacological treatment for canine osteoarthritis improves owner reported pain scores and quality of life of dogs, without severe adverse effects.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of oral transmucosal (OTM) cannabidiol (CBD), in addition to a multimodal pharmacological treatment for chronic osteoarthritis-related pain in dogs. Twenty-one dogs were randomly divided into two groups: in group CBD (n = 9), OTM CBD (2 mg kg⁻¹ every 12 h) was included in the therapeutic protocol (anti-inflammatory drug, gabapentin, amitriptyline), while in group C (n = 12), CBD was not administered. Dogs were evaluated by owners based on the Canine Brief Pain Inventory scoring system before treatment initiation (T0), and one (T1), two (T2), four (T3) and twelve (T4) weeks thereafter. Pain Severity Score was significantly lower in CBD than in C group at T1 (p = 0.0002), T2 (p = 0.0043) and T3 (p = 0.016). Pain Interference Score was significantly lower in CBD than in C group at T1 (p = 0.0002), T2 (p = 0.0007) and T4 (p = 0.004). Quality of Life Index was significantly higher in CBD group at T1 (p = 0.003). The addition of OTM CBD showed promising results. Further pharmacokinetics and long-term studies in larger populations are needed to encourage its inclusion into a multimodal pharmacological approach for canine osteoarthritis-related pain.

• Canine Brief Pain Inventory
• cannabidiol
• chronic pain
• dogs
• oral transmucosal administration
• osteoarthritis
• pain management

• activation
• closed system
• dog
• growth factors
• platelet
• platelet-rich plasma

Objective: To evaluate the hematologic components of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) generated using feline blood with two commercially available centrifuge-based systems^1,2.

Materials and methods: Twenty healthy adult cats were enrolled in this prospective study from November 2018 to January 2019. Feline blood samples were obtained for analysis of whole blood (WB) cellular components and preparation of PRP product. PRP was prepared using two commercial systems and complete blood count (CBC) testing was performed on both WB and PRP samples. The cellular composition of the PRP product was compared to the WB sample for each patient.

Results: Both systems showed significant decrease of median RBC concentration in PRP products compared to WB samples (P = 0.002 for both systems). System 1 significantly decreased median WBC concentration (P = 0.002). System 2 decreased WBC concentration, though statistical significance was not reached (P = 0.63). Median platelet concentration was decreased by 3% using System 1, and increased by 187% using System 2. Platelet aggregation presented a challenge with 8/20 (40%) of samples demonstrating platelet aggregation.

Clinical relevance: Commercial systems available for generation of PRP may be useful for creating a feline sourced product and in this study showed promise in decreasing RBC and WBC concentration. Neither system tested achieved 2–5 times platelet concentration from baseline. Platelet aggregation presented a significant obstacle to reliable generation of PRP products using feline blood. This treatment modality may be particularly beneficial for feline patients with osteoarthritis and soft tissue injuries, though first characterizing the PRP product made using feline blood is critical to validate its use in further clinical studies.

• feline regenerative medicine
• platelet aggregation
• platelet clumping
• platelet count
• platelet-rich plasma

The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to treat canine osteoarthritis has gained support within the scientific community. PRP effects on pain control for degenerative joint disease induced by naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament instability are limited, particularly in a cohort of dogs with chronic instability and osteoarthritis (>12 months), representing a commonly encountered clinical population that often defaults to medical management. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of a single intra-articular PRP injection into an effected stifle in this cohort, to assess response to treatment, quantitative kinetic data as it relates to percent body weight for peak vertical force (PVF) and vertical impulse (VI) were collected, and symmetry indices related to PVF were determined.

Twelve dogs with unilateral or bilateral osteoarthritis with ruptured, non-stabilized cranial cruciate ligaments over 12 months duration were identified. Unilateral injections of 2.5 mL of a PRP preparation into the most severely affected stifle based on kinetic analysis was performed. Repeat pressure-sensitive walkway analysis was conducted monthly for 3 months. Peak vertical force (PVF) and vertical impulse (VI) were normalized to body weight and identified in all four limbs. Previously published symmetry indices regarding PVF were calculated, comparing the treated limb with the contralateral limb, ipsilateral forelimb, and contralateral forelimb.

After treatment, hind limb symmetry index (SI) regarding PVF showed improved symmetry, suggesting more weight placement at all-time points after injection of the most affected limb (p < 0.01). Further, PVF asymmetry indices assessing contralateral fore (CFL) and hind limb (CHL) as well as ipsilateral forelimb (IFL) revealing a significant decrease from baseline for CHL at week 4 (p = 0.02), but not weeks 8 and 12. The CFL showed decreased differences in symmetry from baseline at each time point (p = 0.03). There were no statistically significant changes in PVF or VI over time in treated dogs.

A single injection of PRP improved kinetics for minimally 4 weeks with some data suggesting an effect for up to 12 weeks. Therefore, PRP might be a viable therapeutic option for instability and inflammation associated with chronic osteoarthritis due to cranial cruciate ligament disease in the non-surgical patient.

• canine
• osteoarthritis and cruciate
• platelet
• stifle

Osteoarthritis (OA) represents a significant burden to societies, as it affects quality of life, performance and poses a large healthcare cost. We aimed to describe the use of a single intra-articular (IA) injection of an autologous platelet therapy in the management of osteoarthritis (OA) in a naturally occurring canine model.

Fifteen police working dogs with bilateral hip OA were treated with 3 ml of platelet concentrate per hip joint, produced with the V-PET kit. Response to treatment was measured by the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI, divided in pain interference score – PIS, and Pain Severity Score - PSS), Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs (LOAD), Canine Orthopedic Index (COI, divided in four dimensions: function, gait, stiffness and quality of life - QOL) and the Hudson Visual Analogue Scale (HVAS). Seven different time points were considered: T0 (before treatment), T1 (after 15 days), T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 (after 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months respectively). Results from each evaluation moment were compared with T0 with a Paired Samples T-Test, and a p < 0.05 was set.

Significant differences were observed at T1 (p < 0.01 for HVAS, PSS, COI, Gait and QOL; p = 0.01 for PIS; p = 0.02 for Function; and p < 0.05 for Stiffness), T2 (p < 0.01 for PSS, PIS and Gait; p = 0.01 for COI; p = 0.02 for HVAS, Function and QOL; and p = 0.04 for Stiffness), T3 (p < 0.01 for HVAS, PSS, PIS, Function and Gait; p = 0.01 for COI; and p = 0.02 for QOL), T4 (p < 0.01 for PSS; p = 0.03 for PIS and Gait), T5 (p < 0.01 for COI, Function and Gait; p = 0.03 for PSS, PIS and Stiffness), T6 (p < 0.01 for PSS, Function and Gait; p = 0.04 for PIS; p < 0.05 for COI) and T7 (p < 0.01 for PSS, Function and Gait; p = 0.01 for COI; and p < 0.05 for PIS).

Autologous platelet therapy was used without apparent harm in the subjects. A single administration produced significant improvements, which lasted several months, and therefore warrants further study.

• Animal model
• Autologous platelet concentrate
• Clinical metrology instruments
• Dog
• Osteoarthritis
• Pain

• dog
• physiology
• platelets
• regenerative medicine
• therapy

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine basic oral pharmacokinetics, and assess safety and analgesic efficacy of a cannabidiol (CBD) based oil in dogs with osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods: Single-dose pharmacokinetics was performed using two different doses of CBD enriched (2 and 8 mg/kg) oil. Thereafter, a randomized placebo-controlled, veterinarian, and owner blinded, cross-over study was conducted. Dogs received each of two treatments: CBD oil (2 mg/kg) or placebo oil every 12 h. Each treatment lasted for 4 weeks with a 2-week washout period. Baseline veterinary assessment and owner questionnaires were completed before initiating each treatment and at weeks 2 and 4. Hematology, serum chemistry and physical examinations were performed at each visit. A mixed model analysis, analyzing the change from enrollment baseline for all other time points was utilized for all variables of interest, with a p ≤ 0.05 defined as significant.

Results: Pharmacokinetics revealed an elimination half-life of 4.2 h at both doses and no observable side effects. Clinically, canine brief pain inventory and Hudson activity scores showed a significant decrease in pain and increase in activity (p < 0.01) with CBD oil. Veterinary assessment showed decreased pain during CBD treatment (p < 0.02). No side effects were reported by owners, however, serum chemistry showed an increase in alkaline phosphatase during CBD treatment (p < 0.01).

Clinical significance: This pharmacokinetic and clinical study suggests that 2 mg/kg of CBD twice daily can help increase comfort and activity in dogs with OA.

• CBD oil
• canine
• cannabidiol
• hemp
• osteoarthritis
• pharmacokinetic

To evaluate (1) the cellular composition of canine ACP™ including using two different preparation protocols with variations on centrifugation time, (2) the effect of different activation protocols on the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 content in the ACP, and (3) patient factors that might influence platelet concentration of the ACP.

ACP was made with blood from 15 dogs using a manufacturer-recommended protocol^[1]. Each ACP sample was divided into three aliquots that were activated with calcium chloride (CaCl₂), human γ-thrombin (HGT), or not activated. TGF-β1 was quantified in each aliquot using an ELISA and comparisons among activation protocols were performed using a Skillings-Mack test. Correlations between platelet and TGF-β1 concentration were assessed with a Pearson correlation coefficient. ACP was subsequently prepared from an additional 17 dogs using a slightly modified centrifugation protocol and cellular composition was assessed. Effects of dog age, body weight, and hematocrit were assessed for their potential impact on ACP platelet concentration using a multiple linear regression analysis.

The mean increase in platelet concentration in the ACP above that in the whole blood was 1.2× (±std 0.62) and leukocyte concentration was a mean of 26% (0.37) that in the whole blood using the standard protocol. There was a significant (p < 0.01) effect of activation on TGF-β1 concentrations with mean concentrations of 4,538 (2,317), 14,948 (13,784), and 14,096 (15,210) pg/ml in aliquots that were not activated or were activated with thrombin or CaCl₂ respectively. There were significant correlations between the platelet concentration and TGF-β1 concentration in aliquots that were activated with either thrombin (r = 0.66; p < 0.01) or CaCl₂ (r = 0.86, p < 0.0001). The mean increase in platelet concentration was 1.4× (0.62) and the leukocyte concentration was 0.28× (0.13) that in whole blood using the modified ACP preparation protocol. Dog age, body weight, and hematocrit were not significant predictors of ACP platelet concentration.

These data show that on average this preparation protocol produces a mildly platelet-concentrated, leukoreduced platelet-rich plasma. Intentional activation had a significant effect on TGF-β1 concentrations with use of both CaCl₂ and thrombin resulting in higher TGF-β1 concentrations than that obtained in samples that are not activated.

• ACP
• PRP
• canine
• growth factors
• platelet activation
• platelet-rich plasma

Biological cell-based therapies for the treatment of joint disease in veterinary patients include autologous-conditioned serum, platelet-rich plasma, and expanded or non-expanded mesenchymal stem cell products. This narrative review outlines the processing and known mechanism of action of these therapies and reviews current preclinical and clinical efficacy in joint disease in the context of the processing type and study design. The significance of variation for biological activity and consequently regulatory approval is also discussed. There is significant variation in study outcomes for canine and equine cell-based products derived from whole blood or stem cell sources such as adipose and bone marrow. Variation can be attributed to altering bio-composition due to factors including preparation technique and source. In addition, study design factors like selection of cases with early vs. late stage osteoarthritis (OA), or with intra-articular soft tissue injury, influence outcome variation. In this under-regulated field, variation raises concerns for product safety, consistency, and efficacy. Cell-based therapies used for OA meet the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) definition of a drug; however, researchers must consider their approach to veterinary cell-based research to meet future regulatory demands. This review explains the USA’s FDA guidelines as an example pathway for cell-based therapies to demonstrate safety, effectiveness, and manufacturing consistency. An understanding of the variation in production consistency, effectiveness, and regulatory concerns is essential for practitioners and researchers to determine what products are indicated for the treatment of joint disease and tactics to improve the quality of future research.

• Food and Drug Administration regulation
• autologous conditioned plasma
• autologous-conditioned serum
• cell-based therapies
• mesenchymal stem cells
• osteoarthritis
• platelet-rich plasma

The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of a low-dose radiotherapy treatment in dogs with osteoarthritis (OA). Inclusion criteria were dogs affected by OA of one or multiple joints, with lameness, previously treated with medical therapy and referred for radiotherapy because of chronic unresponsive pain. After suspension of medical therapy, dogs underwent external beam radiotherapy treatments delivered in three fractions of 2 Gy each. Four of these dogs had one (three dogs) to four (one dog) additional courses of radiation. Medical records were reviewed and follow-up information was collected by clinical recheck and owners interview. Twenty-five dogs matched the inclusion criteria; among them, 21 had one course of RT and 4 underwent multiple treatments, respectively 218, 266, 39, and 1,384 days after the first treatment. Clinical improvement was observed in 92% of patients with median benefit duration of 356 days after the first treatment, and 418 days after the second treatment. No side effects were recorded. In this group of patients, radiotherapy was effective, well tolerated, and repeatable, leading to an improvement of quality of life in dogs with degenerative joint disease unresponsive to medical treatments.

• canine
• degenerative joint disease
• dog
• low-dose radiotherapy
• osteoarthritis

The goal of this study was to objectively assess the effect of a platelet-rich plasma (PRP) derivate in English bulldogs with stifle degenerative joint disease secondary to cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR). We used a force platform and affixed electrogoniometers to measure peak vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse (VI), stance time (ST), and angular range of motion (AROM), from 12 lame client-owned English bulldogs with post-CCLR stifle joint abnormalities. The 12 affected subjects were treated with 4 intra-articular injections of PRP, at 30-day intervals. Ten untreated, sound English bulldogs were used as a reference group. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using a linear mixed effects model. Mean values of PVF, VI, ST, and AROM were improved within the first 3 months post-treatment in the CCLR group, with mean measured changes increasing to maximum 4.56% body weight gain, 1.5% body weight/second, 0.07 seconds, and 6.18 degrees, respectively. The effects declined progressively after the treatment interval, ending at nearly initial levels after 6 months. This study demonstrates that dogs with CCLR treated with intra-articular PRP had improved PVF, VI, ST, and AROM over time; the duration of effect was waning by the end of the post-treatment period.

• Animals
• Anterior Cruciate Ligament/pathology
• Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/complications
• Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/therapy
• Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/veterinary
• Blood Component Transfusion/methods
• Blood Component Transfusion/veterinary
• Dog Diseases/therapy
• Dogs
• Female
• Leukocyte Count
• Leukocytes/cytology
• Male
• Osteoarthritis/etiology
• Osteoarthritis/therapy
• Osteoarthritis/veterinary
• Platelet-Rich Plasma/physiology
• Rupture/complications
• Rupture/therapy
• Rupture/veterinary

• CPBI
• HVAS
• dog
• joint supplement
• pain

• Animals
• Biomechanical Phenomena
• Dog Diseases/physiopathology
• Dogs
• Female
• Gait
• Lameness, Animal/physiopathology
• Male

• Conservative management
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• Osteoarthritis
• Physical therapy
• Weight management

• Animals
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
• Conservative Treatment/methods
• Conservative Treatment/veterinary
• Diet/veterinary
• Dietary Supplements
• Disease Progression
• Dog Diseases/therapy
• Dogs
• Hip Dysplasia, Canine/surgery
• Hip Dysplasia, Canine/therapy
• Joint Instability/therapy
• Joint Instability/veterinary
• Physical Conditioning, Animal
• Physical Therapy Modalities/veterinary

• Mesotherapy
• dog
• pain

• canine
• cytokines
• growth factors
• platelet activation
• platelet-rich plasma

• 3Rs
• best practices
• ethics
• in vivo
• preclinical

• dental pulp
• desmitis
• lameness
• osteoarthritis
• tendonitis