Impaired cognitive function is a known marker of human aging, and the causal relationship between grip strength, as a part of physical activity, and cognitive function is still unclear.

Data on grip strength and cognitive function were collected in a cross-sectional study conducted in Guangxi Gongcheng 2018-2019. Generalized linear regression models were utilized to assess the relationship between grip strength and cognitive impairment. A two-way two-sample MR study was used to further determine the causal relationship, mainly using Inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, and MR-Egger. Sensitivity analysis was also used to confirm the robustness of the results. Finally, MVMR analysed BMI and CRP as potential confounders.

A total of 1723 participants were included in the cross-sectional study. Generalized linear regression models showed that low grip strength was a risk factor for cognitive impairment after adjusting for covariates such as age, gender, and ethnicity (OR: 0.965; 95 % CI: 0.947 to 0.984), and the onset of cognitive impairment led to reduced grip strength (OR: 0.251; 95 % CI: 0.113 to 0.559). The results of the two-way two-sample MR also supported the mutual causal relationship between low grip strength (OR = 0.93; 95 % Cl: 0.89-0.97) and cognitive impairment (OR = 0.878; 95 % Cl: 0.794-0.971). The results of the MVMR analysis also proved this relationship.

Low grip strength increases the risk of cognitive impairment, and conversely, cognitive impairment contributes to an increased risk of reduced grip strength.

White matter hyperintensity (WMH) is one of the key imaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and white matter microstructural injury may occur earlier than WMH. However, the associations of handgrip strength (HGS) and serum total testosterone (STT) with WMH and microstructural injury have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, we aimed to explore the associations of HGS and STT with WMH and microstructural injury, measured by fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), intracellular volume fraction (ICVF), and isotropic volume fraction (ISOVF).

A total of 34 832 participants from the UK Biobank (aged 64.15 ± 7.75 years, 50.9% male) were included in the study. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted using three linear regression models to assess the relationships between HGS, STT and neuroimaging outcomes. Sensitivity analyses were performed to validate the robustness of the linear regression results. Longitudinal, mediation and Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were conducted to explore the longitudinal impact of HGS on WMH, the mediating effects of STT between HGS and neuroimaging outcomes, and probable causal relationships between HGS, STT and WMH.

A greater HGS was linearly associated with a smaller WMH volume (β = -0.006642, p < 0.001) and fuller microstructure (p < 0.001). These relationships persisted when stratified by sex or age decade and were supported by the results of the longitudinal analysis (β = -26.4, p = 0.0145). In females, STT was found to be linearly negatively related to WMH volume (β = -0.109, p < 0.001), MD and ISOVF, and linearly positively related to FA and ICVF (p < 0.001). In males, STT was linearly negatively linked to WMH volume (β = -0.016, p < 0.001) and MD (β = -1.6× 10 - 7 $$ \times {10}^{-7} $$ , p = 0.007), and positively associated to ICVF (β = 0.00012, p = 0.043). STT mediated the association between HGS and WMH volume (mediation proportion: 1.06% in males and 1.57% in females), and the possible causality was suggested for males through MR analysis: the positive causality between HGS and STT (p = 0.0394) and the negative causality between STT and WMH (p = 0.0787).

Our study revealed that greater HGS was linearly associated with reduced WMH volume and less white matter microstructural injury, mediated by STT. Improving muscle function may contribute to deferring white matter damage and preventing stroke and dementia, offering a feasible secondary prevention measure for CSVD.

The rapid increase in the elderly population in China has led to the dual challenges of cognitive decline and physical functional decline. Grip strength, a key indicator of physical function, may have a bidirectional relationship with cognitive function. However, research on the association and bidirectional dynamics between the two, especially in the elderly population in China, remains limited.

This study aims to investigate the longitudinal bidirectional associations between grip strength, global cognitive function, mental intactness, and episodic memory, and to examine the trajectory of these indicators over time.

This study is based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), which included 4,442 eligible individuals aged 60 and above, spanning from 2011 to 2015. Grip strength was measured using a standardized dynamometer, while global cognitive function was assessed through mental intactness and episodic memory metrics. Cross-lagged panel models and linear mixed-effects models were employed to assess the bidirectional associations between grip strength, global cognitive function, mental intactness, and episodic memory, controlling for various confounding factors, including sociodemographic characteristics.

During the 4-year follow-up, individuals with greater baseline grip strength exhibited higher scores in global cognitive function (β = 0.055, p = 0.001), mental intactness (β = 0.048, p = 0.006), and episodic memory (β = 0.049, p = 0.011) at follow-up. Baseline global cognitive function, mental intactness (β = 0.024, p = 0.019), and episodic memory (β = 0.040, p < 0.001) also significantly predicted grip strength at follow-up (β = 0.041, p < 0.001). A comparison of the cross-lagged coefficients revealed that the effect of baseline grip strength on episodic memory was significantly greater than the reverse pathway (Δχ2 = 5.089, p = 0.024). The linear mixed-effects model analysis further confirmed this result, showing that lower baseline cognitive function and weaker grip strength independently predicted the accelerated decline of both over time.

This study provides new evidence for the longitudinal bidirectional relationship between grip strength, global cognitive function, mental intactness, and episodic memory in the Chinese elderly population, emphasizing the importance of improving both grip strength and cognitive function. Notably, baseline grip strength has a stronger effect on subsequent episodic memory than the reverse pathway, which carries important public health implications. Maintaining optimal grip strength may be an effective intervention strategy to delay age-related cognitive decline.

This review aims to further elucidate the relationship between reduced walking speed and grip function and cognitive decline.

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Adults without dementia.

Six English databases were searched from inception to January 2025. Longitudinal studies that simultaneously investigate the relationship between a decline in grip strength or walking speed and cognitive impairment or dementia were eligible. The meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 17.0. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach were used to assess the quality of evidence in the included studies.

A total of 2779 articles were identified through the search strategy. After removing duplicate titles and completing screening, 10 studies were included. Random effects analysis revealed that decreases in physical function [walking speed: hazard ratio (HR), 1.34; 95% CI, 1.13-1.60] and grip strength: HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.14-1.49) were significantly associated with decreases in cognitive ability, and this correlation became even more pronounced when pace and grip strength were assessed jointly (HR, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.20-6.17). The results of the subgroup analysis revealed that the study location, follow-up time, cognitive assessment method, sex ratio of the subjects, and other factors affected the results of the study.

This study suggests that grip strength and walking speed are important predictors of cognitive decline and dementia, and highlights the significance of the comprehensive assessment. Early intervention before middle-aged and older adults enter the clinical stage of dementia is needed, which requires standardized and rigorous assessment.The sequential relationships between hand strength and walking speed in relation to different developmental stages of dementia, as well as how they can be integrated with objective indicators to facilitate diagnosis, need to be further investigated.

BackgroundDNA methylation clocks have emerged as promising biomarkers for cognitive impairment and dementia. Longitudinal studies exploring the association between DNA methylation clocks and cognitive decline have been constrained by limited sample sizes and a lack of diversity.ObjectiveOur study aimed to investigate associations between DNA methylation clocks and incident cognitive impairment using a larger and US nationally-representative sample from the Health and Retirement Study.MethodsWe measured DNA methylation age acceleration in 2016 by regressing the DNA methylation clocks, including GrimAge, against chronological age. Cognitive change over time was determined by Langa-Weir cognition status from 2016 to 2018. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association between DNA methylation age acceleration and cognitive change, adjusting for cell-type proportions, demographic, and health factors. We also applied inverse probability weighting to address potential selection bias from varying loss-to-follow-up rates.ResultsThe analytic sample (N = 2713) was 54% female, 8.4% Black/African American, 86% White, 7.5% Hispanic, and 68 years old at baseline. During the two years of follow-up, 12% experienced cognitive change and had higher baseline GrimAge (mean = 1.2 years) acceleration compared to those maintaining normal cognition (mean = -0.8 years). A one-year increase in GrimAge acceleration was associated with 1.05 times higher adjusted and survey-weighted odds of cognitive change during follow-up (95% CI: 1.01-1.10). This association was consistent after accounting for loss-to-follow-up (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.04-1.11).ConclusionsOur study offers insights into DNA methylation age acceleration associated with cognitive change over time, suggesting avenues for improved prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

Previous studies showed that physical performance was associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). As the easily measured aging biomarkers, grip strength and gait speed could effectively reflect physical function. However, whether grip strength, gait speed, and the combination of the two were bidirectionally associated with MCI and specific cognitive function domains, have not been explored.

The bidirectional relationships between grip strength and MCI, gait speed and MCI, and the combination of grip strength with gait speed and MCI, were examined by generalized estimating equation (GEE). GEE was performed to further estimate the bidirectional relationships between grip strength combined with gait speed and the five domains of cognitive function, respectively.

In total, 2,227 older adults (3 waves) were included. The MCI risk was higher for low grip strength group (OR = 1.78; P < 0.001) compared to normal grip strength group, as well as higher for low gait speed group (OR = 1.71; P < 0.001) compared to normal gait speed group. Low grip strength combined with low gait speed had the maximum associations with MCI (OR = 4.13; P < 0.001) and decline in orientation, immediate memory, delayed memory, attention and calculation, and language. Older adults with MCI and decline in those five domains of cognition also longitudinally related to lower grip strength and lower gait speed.

The main findings revealed the importance of regularly monitoring grip strength, gait speed, global cognition, and specific cognitive function domains among older people. Early interventions for grip strength, gait speed, and cognition function might achieve reciprocal benefits.

The relationship between muscle strength and cognition is widely studied in older adults; however, understanding this association at younger ages may help detect markers of early cognitive changes and inform future interventions. Accordingly, we aimed to identify relationships between handgrip, whole-body, upper body, and lower body strength and cognitive functions. A total of 112 adults (aged 18-50 years) completed comprehensive measures of muscle strength, aerobic capacity, body composition, and cognitive function. Hierarchical linear regressions revealed that individuals with stronger handgrip had better mental rotation performance (standardized β = 0.39); those with greater upper body strength had superior recognition (standardized β = 0.52) and pattern separation abilities (standardized β = 0.39), but whole- and lower body strength were not associated. Results demonstrate the unique relationship between upper body strength and aspects of cognitive function, in addition to differential associations of upper body and handgrip strength with encoding, retrieval, and spatial skills. The current findings establish an association between strength and cognitive function earlier than previously thought.

Sarcopenia significantly increases the risk of cognitive impairments in older adults. Early detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in individuals with sarcopenia is essential for timely intervention.

To develop an accurate prediction model for screening MCI in individuals with sarcopenia.

We employed machine learning and deep learning techniques to analyze data from 570 patients with sarcopenia from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Our model forecasts MCI incidence over the next four years, categorizing patients into low and high-risk groups based on their risk levels.

The model was constructed using CHARLS data from 2011 to 2015, incorporating eight validated variables. It outperformed logistic regression, achieving an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.708 (95% CI: 0.544-0.844) for the test set and accurately classifying patients' risk in the training set. The deep learning model demonstrated a low false-positive rate of 10.23% for MCI in higher-risk groups. Independent validation using 2015-2018 CHARLS data confirmed the model's efficacy, with an AUC of 0.711 (0.95 CI, 0.588-0.823). An online tool to implement the model is available at http://47.115.214.16:8000/ .

This deep learning model effectively predicts MCI risk in individuals with sarcopenia, facilitating early interventions. Its accuracy aids in identifying high-risk individuals, potentially enhancing patient care.

All-cause mortality risk and dementia occurrence have been previously hypothesized to be linked with food insecurity and poor dietary quality.

The aims of the study were to test mediation and interactions between food insecurity, diet quality, and dementia status in relation to all-cause mortality.

The interplay of food insecurity, diet quality, and dementia in their associations with all-cause mortality was studied, in terms of interactions and mediating effects, using secondary longitudinal data from a sample of older US adults from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS, 2012-2020). Reduced (age, sex, race/ethnicity-adjusted, M1) and fully adjusted (sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health-related factor-adjusted, M2) models were tested, and stratification by sex and race/ethnicity was carried out.

US older adults (n = 2894; 2012-2014, mean baseline age of 76.4 y) were selected from this national longitudinal sample.

The outcome of interest was all-cause mortality risk for follow-up until the end of 2020.

Cox proportional hazards, four-way decomposition, and generalized structural equations models (GSEM) were used.

Overall, 902 deaths occurred (51 per 1000 person-years). Food insecurity (yes vs no) was not associated with mortality risk in M1, although inversely related to this outcome in M2 (Cox models and GSEM). Food insecurity was directly related to Ln(dementia odds) in M1 only (β ± standard error [SE]: 0.23 ± 0.05, P < .001, GSEM). Diet quality as measured by HEI-2015 (z-scored), although inversely related to food insecurity in reduced GSEM (β ± SE: -0.18 ± 0.06, P = .005), was also inversely related to both Ln(dementia odds), z-scored (β ± SE: -0.14 ± 0.03l P < .001) and mortality risk (LnHR ± SE: -0.14 ± 0.03; P < .001, M1). Ln(dementia odds) was strongly associated with mortality risk (HR = 1.39; 95% CI, 1.31-1.48; P < .001, M2). In both four-way decomposition models and GSEM, the total effect of diet quality on mortality risk was partially mediated through Ln(dementia odds) (M1 and M2), explaining 15%-21% of this total effect.

Diet quality-mortality risk association was partially mediated through dementia, with inconsistent findings observed for food insecurity.

The aim of this systematic review is to determine which physical tests, particularly those assessing strength, walking abilities and balance stability, can provide the most pertinent information for a preliminary screening of cognitive status, facilitating further cognitive evaluation.

A systematic search was conducted using the PubMed and Web of Science databases. Studies that assessed both strength or balance stability and cognitive state in community-dwelling adults aged ≥60 years old were selected for inclusion.

The search strategy identified a total of 864 studies. After removing duplicates and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, ten studies comprising a total of 6868 subjects were included in the review. According to the GRADE system, the studies were classified as low quality. Cognitively healthy individuals exhibited better balance, higher strength levels, greater gait speed and higher instrumental activities of daily living scores compared to those with mild cognitive impairment or cognitive impairment.

The assessment of physical function in older adults may serve as a useful tool in identifying impairments associated with physical frailty, sarcopenia, and cognitive decline. Early screening based on physical performance could assist healthcare professionals in determining the need for further cognitive assessment, potentially aiding in the prevention or early detection of cognitive decline.

Objectives: Given the escalating global prevalence of age-related cognitive impairments, identifying modifiable factors is crucial for developing targeted interventions. Methods: After excluding participants with dementia and substantial missing data, 453,950 individuals from UK Biobank (UKB) were included. Cognitive decline was assessed across four cognitive domains. The top 10% exhibiting the greatest decline were categorized as the "Cognitively At-Risk Population". Eighty-three potential factors from three categories were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were employed to assess the independent and joint effects of these factors on cognitive decline. Population Attributable Fractions (PAFs) were calculated to estimate the potential impact of eliminating each risk category. Results: Our findings revealed a significant impact of unfavorable medical and psychiatric histories on processing speed and visual episodic memory decline (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.20-1.51, p = 6.06 × 10⁻7; HR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.22-1.86, p = 1.62 × 10⁻4, respectively). Furthermore, PAF analysis indicated that physiological and biochemical markers were the most critical risk category for preventing processing speed decline (PAF = 7.03%), while social and behavioral factors exerted the greatest influence on preventing visual episodic memory decline (PAF = 9.68%). Higher education, socioeconomic status, and handgrip strength emerged as protective factors, whereas high body mass index (BMI), hypertension, and depression were detrimental. Conclusions: By identifying this high-risk group and quantifying the impact of modifiable factors, this study provides valuable insights for developing targeted interventions to delay cognitive decline and improve public health outcomes in middle-aged and older adults.

Handgrip strength is an indicator of the biological health of children and adolescents. The review's objective is to identify the biochemical and cardiovascular indicators related to handgrip strength. A scoping review was developed, in which the search was conducted in Medline, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scielo, and Sportdiscus from EBSCO. Original research was included if it involved handgrip strength and biochemical or cardiovascular indicators. In the initial search, 15,198 records were identified in databases. 31 studies were selected for this review. These reports identified 36 indicators (29 biochemical and 7 cardiovascular) that had been analyzed for their association with hand grip strength. Blood pressure (n=10; 32.3%) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (n=7; 22.5%) were the most frequently studied characteristics. In the biochemical indicators, a pattern was found in which handgrip strength had a proportional relationship with HDL levels and an inversely proportional relationship with various cardiometabolic scores. No relationship patterns were found in the cardiovascular indicators.

To validate the correlation between sarcopenia and cognition, and explore cognitive subdomains affected by sarcopenia.

A case-control study was designed to recruit 90 individuals aged 60 and above from June to October 2023 in the same community, all individuals meeting the inclusion criteria were categorized according to the 2019 Asian criteria for sarcopenia and divided into the sarcopenia group and non-sarcopenia group at baseline. After a 12-week follow-up recording, individuals were classified into the aggravation group and alleviation group based on the change of sarcopenia severity. Sarcopenia tests including muscle mass, calf circumference, grip strength and physical function assessment, using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) of nine dimensions for cognitive assessment.

(1) There was a significant positive correlation between cognitive function and grip strength in males (r = 0.42, p < 0.05). (2) There was a moderate correlation between sarcopenia grading and MoCA score (r = -0.4, p < 0.001). (3) Individuals with sarcopenia had significantly lower MoCA total scores and sub-scores in executive function, fluency, calculation and delayed recall compared to non-sarcopenia group (p < 0.05). (4) After 12 weeks, the mean value of the change in fluency in the alleviation group increased by 0.33 points, while the aggravation group decreased by 0.2 points (W = 128, p < 0.05).

There is a correlation between sarcopenia and cognitive function, individuals with sarcopenia performing poorly in overall cognition as well as refined dimensions. The degree of cognition like fluency degenerates over time with increasing severity of sarcopenia.

Background and Objective: In the context of the rapidly aging global population, the older adult vulnerability poses a significant challenge for public health systems. Frailty, cognitive and nutritional status, depression, and grip strength are essential parameters for staging the vulnerability of older adults. The objective of this study is to identify a rapid but multidimensional geriatric assessment tool that can enhance the rehabilitation process for older adults, tailored to their specific needs. Materials and Methods: This pilot study examines the relationships between grip strength, nutritional status, frailty, depression, and cognition in a group of 80 older adults with a mean age of 69.6 years, 49 male and 31 female, using standardized geriatric scales and digital grip strength measurements. The study employed a digital dynamometer, a portable and reliable tool that facilitated quick and accurate grip strength measurements. Results: The analysis revealed significant correlations among the parameters. Greater grip strength was associated with better cognitive performance (r = 0.237, p = 0.034) and improved nutritional status (r = 0.267, p = 0.016), while it was inversely related to frailty (r = -0.313, p = 0.005). Nutritional status also played a key role, showing an inverse relationship with frailty (r = -0.333, p = 0.003) and depression levels (r = -0.248, p = 0.027). Furthermore, frailty and depression were strongly interconnected, with those experiencing higher frailty levels also displaying more severe depressive symptoms (r = 0.545, p < 0.001). Marital status was also relevant: married participants exhibited higher grip strength, lower frailty, and fewer depressive symptoms, suggesting that social support positively influences both physical and mental health in older adults. Conclusions: These findings not only emphasize the need for integrated care approaches that simultaneously address physical health, nutrition, and cognitive function, but also provide a foundation for the development of a rapid and multidimensional assessment protocol, which consists of using a digital dynamometer and four geriatric scales. Such a tool could play a crucial role in the early detection of frailty syndrome and guide the implementation of multidisciplinary, tailored therapeutic strategies aimed at preserving the autonomy and improving the quality of life of older adults.

Evidence points to associations between sleep quality, dementia, and mortality. We examined whether poor sleep quality mediated or moderated the association between dementia and mortality risk among older US adults and vice versa, and whether these associations differed by sex and by race.

The study investigated bi-directional associations between sleep quality, dementia and mortality in older US adults using data from the Health and Retirement Study (N = 6,991, mean age = 78.1y, follow-up: 2006-2020, number of deaths = 4,938). It tested interactions and mediating effects, using Cox proportional hazards models and four-way decomposition models.

Poor sleep quality was associated with increased mortality risk, particularly among male and White older adults. However, the association was reversed in the fully adjusted model, with a 7% decrease in risk per tertile. Probable dementia was associated with a two-fold increase in mortality risk, with a stronger association found among White adults. The association was markedly attenuated in the fully adjusted models. Sleep quality-stratified models showed a stronger positive association between dementia and mortality among individuals with better sleep quality. Both mediation and interaction were involved in explaining the total effects under study, though statistically significant total effects were mainly composed of controlled direct effects.

Poor sleep quality is directly related to mortality risk before lifestyle and health-related factors are adjusted. Dementia is linked to mortality risk, especially in individuals with better sleep quality, males, and White older adults. Future research should explore the underlying mechanisms.

To describe the association of handgrip strength asymmetry and weakness with cognitive function among Chinese middle-aged and older adults.

We used data from four waves (2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Handgrip strength was measured at baseline. Handgrip strength asymmetry was defined on the basis of the ratio of handgrip strength of the non-dominant hand to that of the dominant hand (i.e. non-dominant/dominant): a ratio of <0.9 defined as dominant handgrip strength asymmetry and >1.1 as non-dominant handgrip strength asymmetry. Weakness was defined as a handgrip strength of <28 kg for males or <18 kg for females.

Cognitive function with its two core dimensions (episodic memory and mental status) at each wave was assessed and standardized.

9333 participants (48.3 % female, age 58.2 ± 9.0 years) were included. Non-dominant but not dominant handgrip strength asymmetry was significantly associated with poorer cognitive function at baseline (β = -0.121, -0.092, and -0.132 for mental status, episodic memory, and global cognition, respectively). In longitudinal analyses over 2 years, dominant handgrip strength asymmetry significantly slowed cognitive decline (β = -0.078 and -0.069 for mental status and global cognition, respectively), and non-dominant handgrip strength asymmetry accelerated cognitive decline (β = 0.053 and 0.043 for episodic memory and global cognition, respectively). Weakness was associated with poorer cognitive function at baseline and cognitive decline over 2, 4, and 7 years (all P < 0.05).

In middle-aged and older adults, non-dominant handgrip strength asymmetry and weakness were associated with poorer cognitive function and predicted accelerated cognitive decline. Dominant handgrip strength asymmetry may be beneficial for maintaining cognitive function.

Objectives (1) To investigate longitudinal associations between grip strength (GS) and cognition over 4 years in European older adults, (2) to examine differences in temporal associations between men and women and between levels of physical activity, (3) to explore in each year 2015 and 2019 associations between GS quartiles and cognitive performance, and (4) to explore longitudinal associations between GS quartiles (year 2015) and cognitive performance (year 2019). Methods: 25,281 individuals (14,200 women) from 17 European countries aged ≥50 years responded to waves 6th and 8th of the SHARE project. We analyzed GS, a general cognition index, and physical activity level. Results: Panel analyses revealed a bidirectional relationship over 4 years between GS and cognition, with differences between sex, as well as between participants with moderate-to-vigorous and low physical activity levels. Conclusion: Women and participants with low physical activity were more likely to experience cognitive performance deficits 4 years later.

The objective of this study was to develop a risk prediction model for motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR) in older adults.

Participants were selected from the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study database and randomly assigned to the training group and the validation group, with proportions of 70% and 30%, respectively. LASSO regression analysis was used to screen the predictors. Then, identified predictors were included in multivariate logistic regression analysis and used to construct model nomogram. The performance of the model was evaluated by area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), calibration curves and decision curve analysis (DCA).

528 out of 3962 participants (13.3%) developed MCR. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that weakness, chronic pain, limb dysfunction score, visual acuity score and Five-Times-Sit-To-Stand test were predictors of MCR in older adults. Using these factors, a nomogram model was constructed. The AUC values for the training and validation sets of the predictive model were 0.735 (95% CI = 0.708-0.763) and 0.745 (95% CI = 0.705-0.785), respectively.

The nomogram constructed in this study is a useful tool for assessing the risk of MCR in older adults, which can help clinicians identify individuals at high risk.

The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic longitudinal relationship between grip strength and cognitive function.

6175 participants aged ≥50 years were included in the study using three waves of follow-up data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe in 2015 (T1), 2017 (T2) and 2019 (T3). Cognitive function was assessed using numeracy, verbal fluency, immediate recall, delayed recall and total. The cross-lagged panel model was used for analysis.

There was a correlation between grip strength and cognitive function. Standardized path coefficient from numeracy T1 to grip strength T2 was 0.017 (p = 0.003), and from numeracy T2 to grip strength T3 was 0.014 (p = 0.012). Standardized path coefficient from grip strength T1 to numeracy T2 was 0.096 (p < 0.001), and from grip strength T2 to numeracy T3 was 0.113 (p < 0.001). Other indicators of cognitive function had similar relationships with grip strength.

The study found a statistically significant longitudinal and bidirectional relationship between grip strength and cognitive function in a sample of people aged ≥50 years from several European countries.

Accumulating evidence suggests that low grip strength (GS) is associated with a faster cognitive decline, but most previous studies have measured GS at a single time point, ignoring changes in GS. We aimed to explore the association of the GS loss rate with the sequent cognitive decline, as well as the moderating role of social isolation in older adults.

Data were from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Absolute and relative GS loss rates were calculated as the annual losses from Wave 2 (2004-05) to Wave 4 (2008-09). Participants were divided into 3 groups according to the tertiles of GS loss rates. Linear mixed models were used to assess the association of the GS loss rate during Waves 2-4 with the cognitive decline rate during Waves 4-9 (Wave 9, 2018-19).

Of the 4 356 participants included in analyses, 1 938 (44.5%) were men, with a mean age of 68.4 (SD: 8.4) years. Compared with Tertile 1 of the absolute GS loss rate, Tertile 2 (β = -0.009 [95% CI: -0.018 to -0.001] SD/year) and Tertile 3 (β = -0.018 [95% CI: -0.027 to -0.010] SD/year) were associated with a faster cognitive decline rate. The results of relative GS were similar to those of absolute GS. Social isolation was a significant modifier in the associations of the absolute GS loss rate with decline rates in global cognition and episodic memory, but not in temporal orientation. We did not observe that social isolation moderated the association of the relative GS loss rate with the cognitive decline rate.

Both absolute and relative GS loss rates were positively associated with the cognitive decline rate in older adults. Low social isolation scores attenuated the association of the absolute GS loss rate with the cognitive decline rate.

The relationship between lung function and sarcopenia remains ambiguous. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the potential association between lung function and sarcopenia in the older adults, as well as to examine the mediating role of cognitive function in this relationship.

The participants were selected from a nationally representative population-based cohort in China. The peak expiratory flow (PEF) measurement was used to evaluate the lung function in older persons. The sarcopenia was diagnosed using the guidelines of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) in 2019. The Cox proportional hazard model was utilized to perform primary analyses of the relationship between PEF and sarcopenia. The mediating effect of cognitive function was evaluated using the counterfactual mediation method.

This cohort study included 4,011 older adults (average age, 66.6 years; 53.3% males). During a follow-up period of 3.86 years, 349 individuals were diagnosed with sarcopenia. After adjusting for potential confounders, each one-standard-deviation increase in PEF was associated with a 28% reduction in the risk of sarcopenia (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.63, 0.80). There was a significant mediation of cognition for the association between PEF and incident sarcopenia, and the proportion mediated was 12.2% (95% CI: 4.5%, 23.1%).

Older adults with impaired lung function are more likely to develop sarcopenia. Nevertheless, cognition can explain only a small portion of this association. Thus, other potential pathways between lung function and sarcopenia must be elucidated.

To investigate the association between cognitive function and body composition in older adults.

We collected data on 2080 older adults (>60 years of age) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 1999-2000 and 2001-2002. Candidate variables included: demographic data (sex, age, race, education level, marital status, poverty-to-income ratio), alcohol consumption, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, total bone mineral density, and total fat mass. A logistic regression model was established to analyze the association between cognitive function and body composition in older adults. In addition, stratified logics regression analysis was performed by sex and age.

Bone mineral density significantly affects cognitive function in older adults (p<0.01). When examining the data according to sex, this correlation is present for women (p < 0.01). For men, though, it is not significant (p = 0.081). Stratified by age, total bone mineral density was significantly correlated with cognitive function in 60-70 and 70-80 years old people, but not in older adults older than 80 years(for 60-70 years old, p = 0.019; for 70-80 years old, p = 0.022). There was no significant correlation between total bone mineral density and cognitive function (p = 0.575).

The decrease of total bone mineral density was significantly correlated with cognitive decline in the older adults, especially among women and older people in the 60 to 80 age group. There was no connection between total fat mass, total percent fat, total lean mass, appendicular lean mass, appendicular lean mass /BMI and cognitive function in the older adults.

Muscle mass and strength correlate with cognitive function; however, it remains unclear whether dynapenia (i.e., muscle weakness with preserved muscle mass) is relevant. This study aimed to explore whether dynapenia is associated with global cognitive function in community-dwelling older Japanese adults.

This cross-sectional study used data from the Integrated Research Initiative for Living Well with Dementia Cohort Study, which pooled data from five community-based geriatric cohorts. Dynapenia was defined as muscle weakness without muscle mass loss according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). An ordered logistic regression analysis was conducted with dynapenia as the exposure and with cognitive decline stages, defined as an MMSE score of 27-30 for normal cognition, 24-26 for possible cognitive decline, and <24 for cognitive decline, as the outcome, stratified by sex and adjusted for age, muscle mass, education, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, living alone, and non-communicable diseases.

We analyzed data for 3338 participants (2162 female) with preserved muscle mass. Of these, 449 (13.5%) had dynapenia, and 79 (2.4%) exhibited cognitive decline. Multivariate odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for cognitive decline among those with dynapenia, compared with those without dynapenia, were 1.51 (1.02-2.24) for males and 2.08 (1.51-2.86) for females.

Muscle weakness is associated with cognitive decline, even in individuals with preserved muscle mass. Further studies are needed to better understand the association between muscle weakness and cognitive decline over time in order to develop dementia prevention strategies for those with dynapenia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 123-129.

Converging evidence suggests that handgrip strength is linked to cognition in older adults, and this may be subserved by shared age-related changes in brain function and structure. However, the interplay among handgrip strength, brain functional connectivity, and cognitive function remains poorly elucidated. Hence, our study sought to examine these relationships in 148 community-dwelling older adults. Specifically, we examined functional segregation, a measure of functional brain organization sensitive to ageing and cognitive decline, and its associations with handgrip strength and cognitive function. We showed that higher handgrip strength was related to better processing speed, attention, and global cognition. Further, higher handgrip strength was associated with higher segregation of the salience/ventral attention network, driven particularly by higher salience/ventral attention intra-network functional connectivity of the right anterior insula to the left posterior insula/frontal operculum and right midcingulate/medial parietal cortex. Importantly, these handgrip strength-related inter-individual differences in salience/ventral attention network functional connectivity were linked to cognitive function, as revealed by functional decoding and brain-cognition association analyses. Our findings thus highlight the importance of the salience/ventral attention network in handgrip strength and cognition, and suggest that inter-individual differences in salience/ventral attention network segregation and intra-network connectivity could underpin the handgrip strength-cognition relationship in older adults.

The deterioration of cognitive function with age has become a major public health issue. To date, the underlying mechanisms of the association between handgrip strength and cognitive function were poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the mediating effect of functional limitation in the longitudinal relationship between handgrip strength and subsequent cognitive function.

This research recruited 4416 participants aged 60 and above from wave 2015 and 2018 of the China Longitudinal Study of Health and Retirement (CHARLS). We conducted the linear regression model and bootstrap analyses to test the mediating role of functional limitation in the relationship between handgrip strength and cognitive function.

After adjusting the confounders, handgrip strength was positively associated with subsequent cognitive function (β = 0.12, P < 0.001) and was negatively associated with functional limitation (β = -0.14, P < 0.001). The mediation effect of functional limitation accounted for 23.33 % of the total effect regarding the handgrip strength with cognitive function, and the magnitude of mediation effect was a*b = 0.021 (95%CI: 0.017-0.027).

The variable of functional limitations was self-reported. And this study did not analyse the severity and duration of handgrip strength loss and functional limitations, which may lose some information.

Our findings revealed that handgrip strength not only directly influenced cognitive function among older individuals but also indirectly via functional limitation over 3-year follow-up. Physical exercise targeting handgrip strength and functional limitation may be an effective approach to prevent and delay cognitive decline.

Loneliness, dementia, and mortality are interconnected.

We aimed at understanding mediating pathways and interactions between loneliness and dementia in relation to mortality risk.

The study tested bi-directional relationships between dementia, loneliness, and mortality, by examining both interactions and mediating effects in a large sample of older US adults participating in the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study. Out of≤6,468 older participants selected in 2010, with mean baseline age of 78.3 years and a follow-up time up to the end of 2020, 3,298 died at a rate of 64 per 1,000 person-years (P-Y). Cox proportional hazards and four-way decomposition models were used.

Algorithmically defined dementia status (yes versus no) was consistently linked with a more than two-fold increase in mortality risk. Dementia status and Ln(odds of dementia) were strongly related with mortality risk across tertiles of loneliness score. Loneliness z-score was also linked to an elevated risk of all-cause mortality regardless of age, sex, or race or ethnicity, and its total effect (TE) on mortality was partially mediated by Ln(odds of dementia), z-scored, (≤40% of the TE was a pure indirect effect). Conversely, a small proportion (<5%) of the TE of Ln(odds of dementia), z-scored, on mortality risk was explained by the loneliness z-score.

In sum, dementia was positively associated with all-cause mortality risk, in similar fashion across loneliness score tertiles, while loneliness was associated with mortality risk. TE of loneliness on mortality risk was partially mediated by dementia odds in reduced models.

Although an association between sarcopenia and cognitive function has been demonstrated, the directional association remains unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal reciprocal relationship and identify the possible temporal sequence between sarcopenia and cognitive function in older Chinese adults.

Data were collected from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) baseline survey in 2011 and the follow-up survey in 2015. Cognitive function was measured by episodic memory and executive function. Sarcopenia status (non-sarcopenia, possible sarcopenia and sarcopenia) was defined based on the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria. Linear regression analysis and ordinal logistic regression analysis were employed to investigate the relationship between baseline sarcopenia status and follow-up cognition, as well as the association of baseline cognition with follow-up sarcopenia status, respectively. A cross-lagged panel analysis was performed to simultaneously evaluate the bidirectional association and the strength of the temporal relationship.

Of 2689 participants, the median age was 65.0 years and 1249 (46.5%) were female. After adjusting for potential confounders and baseline measurements, baseline sarcopenia status was dose-dependently associated with subsequent cognitive scores (β = -0.45; P for trend = 0.001), and baseline cognitive scores (in tertiles) were also dose-dependently associated with subsequent sarcopenia status (odds ratio (OR) = 0.86; P for trend = 0.017). The cross-lagged panel analysis indicated that the standardised effect size of sarcopenia status on cognitive function (β = -0.09; P < 0.001) is larger relative to the effect of cognitive function on sarcopenia status (β = -0.05; P = 0.019).

There is a longitudinal, bidirectional relationship between sarcopenia status and cognitive function in older Chinese adults. Sarcopenia is likely the driving force in these dynamic associations. These findings imply that interventions in either sarcopenia or cognitive decline may have the ability to generate reciprocal benefits over time. More research is warranted to confirm these findings and to further elucidate underlying causal pathways.

Both low handgrip strength (HGS) and abdominal obesity (AO) are associated with cognitive impairment. However, it remains unclear whether low HGS and AO interact to affect cognition, and whether the synergistic effect varies by gender. This study aimed to examine whether the association between low HGS and incident cognitive impairment was moderated by AO among Chinese older men and women.

We used the data of participants (≥60 years) from four waves (2011-2018) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. We defined low HGS as the maximal HGS of <28 kg in men and <18 kg in women, and AO as waist circumference of ≥90 cm for men and ≥80 cm for women. Cognitive impairment was defined as a global cognitive score in the lowest 10th percentile. For each gender, we used subdistribution hazards model to estimate subdistribution hazard ratios (SHRs) for the association of low HGS and AO with incident cognitive impairment, treating mortality as the competing event and controlling for other covariates. Multiplicative interaction was assessed through a cross-product interaction term of low HGS and AO in the model. Additive interaction between low HGS and AO was evaluated by calculating the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) and attributable proportion due to interaction (AP).

We included 3704 participants (Mean age: 66.9 ± 5.81; 54.9% male). During the 7-year follow-up, 1133 events of interest occurred (731 cognitive impairments and 402 deaths). Incidence rates of cognitive impairment and mortality were 4.1 (95% CI: 3.8 to 4.4) and 2.2 (95% CI: 2.0 to 2.5) per 100 person-years. There were positive multiplicative (SHR for the product term = 1.974, 95% CI: 1.114 to 3.500) and additive interactions (RERI = 1.056, 95% CI: 0.027 to 2.086, AP = 0.454, 95% CI: 0.158 to 0.750) of low HGS and AO on the risk of cognitive impairment among older men. Male participants with both low HGS and AO showed an increased risk of cognitive impairment (SHR = 2.325, 95% CI: 1.498 to 3.609) compared with those without either. There was no evidence of interaction among older women (SHR for the product term = 1.151, 95% CI: 0.725 to 1.825; RERI = 0.044, 95% CI: -0.524 to 0.613; AP = 0.039, 95% CI: -0.458 to 0.536).

Low HGS and AO may interact to synergistically increase the risk of cognitive impairment among Chinese older men. Screening the highest-risk subpopulation, who may benefit most from neurocognitive prevention strategies, may maximize potential public health gains.

Previous research has primarily focused on the association between muscle strength and global cognitive function in older adults, while the connection between muscle strength and advanced cognitive function such as inhibition and working memory (WM) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship among muscle strength, WM, and task-related cortex hemodynamics.

We recruited eighty-one older adults. Muscle strength was measured using a grip and lower limb strength protocol. We measured the WM performance by using reaction time (RT) and accuracy (ACC) in the N-back task and the cortical hemodynamics of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).

We found positive correlations between grip strength (p < 0.05), 30-s sit-up (p < 0.05) and ACC, negative correlation between grip strength (p < 0.05) and RT. Furthermore, we observed positive correlations between grip strength and the level of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, frontopolar area, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (p < 0.05), and negative correlations between grip strength and the level of deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, frontopolar area, left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (p < 0.05). Additionally, we noticed positive correlations between RT and the level of Hb in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, right frontopolar area (p < 0.05), and negative correlations between RT and the level of HbO2 in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, frontopolar area (p < 0.05). However, the cortical hemodynamics did not mediate the relationship between muscle strength and WM performance (RT, ACC).

The grip strength of older adults predicted WM in the cross-section study. The level of hemodynamics in PFC can serve as a predictor of WM.

An epidemiological survey has been periodically performed since 1977 among the adult population in Tanushimaru, a typical farming town in Japan. We aimed in this study to retrospectively investigate changes of grip strength (GS) and its correlates over 40 years in the same cohort of community-dwelling adults. We used pooled data from the survey to deduce essential correlates of GS in community-dwelling adults.

We retrospectively compared serial correlates of GS in the adult population in Tanushimaru between a population tested in 1977 and 1979 (Cohort A, n=2,452) and another population tested in 2016 and 2018 (Cohort B, n=1,505), to identify essential correlates of GS for investigating changes in GS during the past 40 years in community-dwelling adults.

Age, height, weight, and the occupation of the subjects remained as correlates of GS in both genders during the past 40 years. In males, abdominal circumference also remained as a correlate of GS. Serum albumin levels in males and systolic blood pressure in females were identified as new correlates. GS after adjustment for the above correlates weakened in both genders, and the serial change in GS was particularly remarkable in subjects whose occupations were Class-1 and Class-2, which were defined as moderately hard work.

From a periodically-performed epidemiological survey of a community-dwelling cohort in a Japanese typical farming town, age, height, weight, and occupation were deduced as essential correlates of GS. GS in the community dwelling cohort weakened in both genders over 40 years, possibly affected by their occupation.

Age-related frailty and cognitive decline are complex multidimensional conditions that significantly impact the ability of older adults to sustain functional capacity and independence. While underlying causes remain poorly understood, nutrition continually emerges as one associated risk element. Many studies have addressed the importance of adequate nutrition in delaying the onset of these conditions, but the specific role of micronutrients is not well established. The consideration of pre-frailty as an outcome variable is also limited in the current literature. In this review, we focus on the potential value of maintaining micronutrient sufficiency to sustaining the health of the ageing population. Using data from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing, we consider several vitamins known to have a high prevalence of low status in older adults and their impact on pre-frailty, frailty and cognitive impairment. They include vitamin B12 and folate, both of which are associated with multiple biological mechanisms involved in long-term health, in particular in cognitive function; vitamin D, which has been associated with increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders, depression and other chronic diseases; and the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, that may help mitigate the risk of frailty and cognitive decline via their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We show that low concentrations of folate and carotenoids are implicated in poorer cognitive health and that the co-occurrence of multiple nutrient deficiencies confers greatest risk for frailty and pre-frailty in the Irish longitudinal study on ageing cohort. These health associations contribute to evidence needed to optimise micronutrient status for health in the older adult population.

Perceived cognitive dysfunction is prevalent in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) but not well understood. This study aimed to examine potential factors associated with perceived cognitive function and to investigate the contributions of perceived cognitive function and symptoms to functional measures.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted among patients with SSc (n = 106). Participants were mainly female (84%) and White (82%). Perceived cognitive function, symptoms, and functional measures were assessed with Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) measures. A multivariable regression was conducted to identify factors associated with perceived cognition. Hierarchical linear regressions examined the unique contributions of perceived cognitive function and symptoms to social participation and physical function.

Fifty-nine (56%) patients with SSc perceived mild-to-severe cognitive dysfunction. Being on work disability and having more fatigue were both significantly associated with perceived cognitive dysfunction. When examining the contributions of cognition and other symptoms to functional measures, self-reported cognition became nonsignificant after fatigue and pain were entered into the regression model.

Being on work disability and having more fatigue were most highly associated with perceived cognitive dysfunction in patients with SSc. Unlike fatigue and pain, perceived cognitive function was not independently associated with functional measures. Nonetheless, future research should disentangle cognitive function and other symptoms, as well as their effects on daily activities, in SSc.

Higher dietary protein, alone or in combination with physical activity (PA), may slow the loss of age-related muscle strength in older adults. We investigated the longitudinal relationship between protein intake and grip strength, and the interaction between protein intake and PA, using four longitudinal ageing cohorts. Individual participant data from 5584 older adults (52 % women; median: 75 years, IQR: 71·6, 79·0) followed for up to 8·5 years (mean: 4·9 years, SD: 2·3) from the Health ABC, NuAge, LASA and Newcastle 85+ cohorts were pooled. Baseline protein intake was assessed with food frequency questionnaires and 24-h recalls and categorized into < 0·8, 0·8-<1·0, 1·0-<1·2 and ≥ 1·2 g/kg adjusted body weight (aBW)/d. The prospective association between protein intake, its interaction with PA, and grip strength (sex- and cohort-specific) was determined using joint models (hierarchical linear mixed effects and a link function for Cox proportional hazards models). Grip strength declined on average by 0·018 SD (95 % CI: -0·026, -0·006) every year. No associations were found between protein intake, measured at baseline, and grip strength, measured prospectively, or rate of decline of grip strength in models adjusted for sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle and health variables (e.g., protein intake ≥ 1·2 v· < 0·8 g/kg aBW/d: β = -0·003, 95 % CI: -0·014, 0·005 SD per year). There also was no evidence of an interaction between protein intake and PA. We failed to find evidence in this study to support the hypothesis that higher protein intake, alone or in combination with higher PA, slowed the rate of grip strength decline in older adults.

To examine nativity differences in the relationship between handgrip strength (HGS) and cognitive impairment among Mexican Americans aged ≥ 65 years with normal or high cognitive function at baseline over a 20-year period.

Prospective cohort study of 2,155 non-institutionalized Mexican Americans aged ≥ 65 years from the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly) who scored ≥ 21 in the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) at baseline. Measures included socio-demographics, body mass index, medical conditions, depressive symptoms, physical function, disability, HGS quartiles (sex-adjusted), and MMSE. We used generalized estimating equation models to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) of cognitive impairment (MMSE < 21) as a function of HGS quartile by nativity and adjusted for covariates.

US-born and foreign-born participants in the 4th quartile (highest) of HGS at baseline had lower odds of cognitive impairment over time compared with those in the 1st (lowest) HGS quartile (OR=0.95, 95% CI=0.90-0.99 and OR=0.93, 95% CI=0.89-0.98, respectively), after controlling for all covariates. When we analyzed HGS quartiles as time-varying, we found that US-born participants in the 3rd and 4th HGS quartile had 25% and 30% lower odds of cognitive impairment, respectively, while foreign-born participants in the 3rd and 4th HGS quartile had 27% and 49% lower odds of cognitive impairment over time, respectively, after controlling for all covariates.

Foreign-born older Mexican Americans who performed high in HGS experienced 7% lower odds of cognitive impairment over time compared with US-born older Mexican Americans.

To explore the relationship between sarcopenia-related indices, cognitive impairment and cerebral white matter hyperintensities.

Ninety-five hospitalized older adults aged 60 years and older were used in this study. Three sarcopenia-related indicators were measured: hand grip strength (Measured with a spring-type dynamometer), gait speed (6m step speed method), and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM, bioelectrical impedance). Sarcopenia was defined according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) criteria. Cognitive function was assessed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Cerebral white matter hyperintensity was assessed using 3.0T superconducting magnetic resonance imaging.

In both men and women, these three indices of sarcopenia were significantly and negatively correlated with WMH grades, except for appendicular skeletal muscle mass and WMH grades in women. Scores on the MoCA scale were significantly positive correlated with grip strength, and ASM, both in men and women. After adjusting for confounders and WMHs, regression analyses showed an increased incidence of cognitive impairment in patients with sarcopenia relative to those without sarcopenia.

Lower sarcopenia-related indices were significantly associated with cognitive impairment. WMHs may be one of the factors linking sarcopenia and cognitive function.

Early identification of individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is essential to combat worldwide dementia threats. Physical function indicators might be low-cost early markers for cognitive decline. To establish an early identification tool for MCI by combining physical function indicators (upper and lower limb function) via a clinical prediction modeling strategy. A total of 5393 participants aged 60 or older were included in the model. The variables selected for the model included sociodemographic characteristics, behavioral factors, mental status and chronic conditions, upper limb function (handgrip strength), and lower limb function (self-rated squat ability). Two models were developed to test the predictive value of handgrip strength (Model 1) or self-rated squat ability (Model 2) separately, and Model 3 was developed by combining handgrip strength and self-rated squat ability. The 3 models all yielded good discrimination performance (area under the curve values ranged from 0.719 to 0.732). The estimated net reclassification improvement values were 0.3279 and 0.1862 in Model 3 when comparing Model 3 to Model 1 and Model 2, respectively. The integrated discrimination improvement values were estimated as 0.0139 and 0.0128 when comparing Model 3 with Model 1 and Model 2, respectively. The model that contains both upper and lower limb function has better performance in predicting MCI. The final prediction model is expected to assist health workers in early identification of MCI, thus supporting early interventions to reduce future risk of AD, particularly in socioeconomically deprived communities.

Understanding the association of deconditioned strength with the most prevalent chronic diseases in older adults and inferring possible interventional strategies is of utmost importance. We aimed to investigate the association between handgrip strength and chronic diseases in a large representative European population of adults over the age of 50 years.

Individuals aged 50 or older residing in 27 European countries and Israel participated in this cross-sectional study. Data on prior or current chronic disease and handgrip strength were retrieved from the 7th wave of Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). We tested associations using binary logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders.

Based on data from 73,463 participants, the examined diseases showed a negative association with handgrip strength in the fully adjusted model. Participants from the highest tertile of handgrip strength had particularly lower odds for Parkinson ((Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.42 [95% Confidence Interval = 0.32-0.56])), stroke (AOR = 0.51 [95% Confidence Interval = 0.44-0.59], and emotional disorders ((Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.51 [95% Confidence Interval = 0.45-0.58])) compared with participants with the lowest level of handgrip strength in the fully adjusted model.

There is a negative association between handgrip strength and a wide range of chronic diseases. Evaluating handgrip strength in this population may provide a valuable clinical measure and a simple preventive strategy in relation to these diseases. The present findings support the use of resistance training for the prevention of specific chronic conditions, particularly Parkinson, stroke and emotional disorders.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is often accompanied by impaired cognitive and physical function. However, the role of cognitive function on motor control and purposeful movement is not well studied. The aim of the review was to determine the impact of cognition on physical performance in COPD. Methods: Scoping review methods were performed including searches of the databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Systematic Reviews, Cochrane (CENTRAL), APA PsycINFO, and CINAHL. Two reviewers independently assessed articles for inclusion, data abstraction, and quality assessment. Results: Of 11,252 identified articles, 44 met the inclusion criteria. The review included 5743 individuals with COPD (68% male) with the forced expiratory volume in one second range of 24-69% predicted. Cognitive scores correlated with strength, balance, and hand dexterity, while 6-min walk distance (n = 9) was usually similar among COPD patients with and without cognitive impairment. In 2 reports, regression analyses showed that delayed recall and the trail making test were associated with balance and handgrip strength, respectively. Dual task studies (n = 5) reported impaired balance or gait in COPD patients compared to healthy adults. Cognitive or physical Interventions (n = 20) showed variable improvements in cognition and exercise capacity. Conclusions: Cognition in COPD appears to be more related to balance, hand, and dual task function, than exercise capacity.

The relationship between sarcopenia and cognitive function has been extensively studied, but is usually explored at a single time point. We used repeatedly measured cognitive data to examine the relationship between sarcopenia and cognitive trajectories over time among middle-aged and older Chinese adults.

A nationally representative cohort study.

Data were from three waves (2011, 2013 and 2015) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). A total of 8963 participants with complete baseline data (wave 1) and at least two cognitive function tests (waves 1-3) were enrolled in this study.

Sarcopenia was diagnosed at baseline (wave 1). The wave 1-3 data were used to analyze cognitive trajectories over time by constructing a latent class trajectory model (LCTM). Logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between sarcopenia and cognitive trajectories.

Among 8693 participants, we identified two trajectories of cognitive function development, including a persistent low trajectory (n= 4856, 55.86%) and a persistent high trajectory (n= 3837, 44.14%). Sarcopenia was associated with persistently low cognitive trajectory of global cognitive (OR: 1.248, 95%CI: 1.046-1.490) after adjustment for other covariates. This association was still observed when stratified by age, gender, educational level, marital status, social activity, smoking status and drinking status. Mediation analysis showed that body mass index (BMI) mediated efficacy accounting for 42.32% of the relationship.

Our study showed two trajectory groups of global cognitive function. Sarcopenia was associated with a persistent low trajectory over time and BMI mediated the relationship between sarcopenia and cognitive trajectories among middle-aged and older Chinese adults.

Obesity and obesity-associated morbidity continues to be a major public health issue worldwide. Dementia is also a major health concern in aging societies and its prevalence has increased rapidly. Many epidemiologic studies have shown an association between obesity and cognitive impairment, but this relationship is not as well established as other comorbidities. Conflicting results related to the age and sex of participants, and the methodology used to define obesity and dementia may account for the uncertainty in whether obesity is a modifiable risk factor for dementia. More recently, sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity have been reported to be associated with cognitive impairment. In addition, new mediators such as the muscle-myokine-brain axis and gut-microbiota-brain axis have been suggested and are attracting interest. In this review, we summarize recent evidence on the link between obesity and cognitive impairment, especially dementia. In particular, we focus on various metrics of obesity, from body mass index to sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity.