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Zhang Y, Ji X, Huang D, Lu G, Chen X. The SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease inhibits pyroptosis through the cleavage of gasdermin D. Virol Sin 2025:S1995-820X(25)00028-8. [PMID: 40118151 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2025.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2025] [Indexed: 03/23/2025] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of novel coronavirus disease 2019, can cause acute respiratory symptoms and even death globally. However, the immune escape mechanism and viral pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we report that the SARS-CoV-2 3C-like (3CL) protease specifically cleaves gasdermin D (GSDMD) at Q29 and Q193, producing two N-terminal fragments, GSDMD1-29 and GSDMD1-193. We also found that SARS-CoV-2 infection induced the cleavage of GSDMD. Then, we demonstrated that the ability to cleave GSDMD was dependent on the protease activity of the 3CL protease. Interestingly, unlike the GSDMD1-275 fragment cleaved by caspase-1, GSDMD1-29 and GSDMD1-193 did not trigger pyroptosis or inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication. Additionally, various RNA viral proteases display different preferences for cleaving GSDMD at Q29 and Q193. Our findings reveal a mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 and other RNA viruses inhibit pyroptosis, highlighting the critical role of the 3CL protease in immune evasion and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yecheng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Xinlei Ji
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Gen Lu
- Department of Respiratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China.
| | - Xinwen Chen
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China.
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2
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Friedrich B, Vogel P, Rückert MA, Lyer S, Günther J, Wernery U, Joseph S, Müller J, Behr VC, Alexiou C, Tietze R. Detection of viral antibodies in camel sera using magnetic particle spectroscopy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3329-3339. [PMID: 37060465 PMCID: PMC10104765 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Pandemics like SARS-Cov-2 very frequently have their origin in different animals and in particular herds of camels could be a source of zoonotic diseases. This study took advantage on a highly sensitive and adaptable method for the fast and reliable detection of viral antibodies in camels using low-cost equipment. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) have high variability in their functionalization with different peptides and proteins. We confirm that 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES)-coated MNP could be functionalized with viral proteins. The protein loading could be confirmed by simple loading controls using FACS-analysis (p < 0.05). Complementary combination of antigen and antibody yields in a significant signal increase could be proven by both FACS and COMPASS. However, COMPASS needs only a few seconds for the measurement. In COMPASS, the phase φn on selected critical point of the fifth higher harmonic (n = 5th). Here, positive sera display highly significant signal increase over the control or negative sera. Furthermore, a clear distinction could be made in antibody detection as an immune response to closely related viruses (SARS-CoV2 and MERS). Using modified MNPs along with COMPASS offers a fast and reliable method that is less cost intensive than current technologies and offers the possibility to be quickly adapted in case of new occurring viral infections. KEY POINTS: • COMPASS (critical offset magnetic particle spectroscopy) allows the fast detection of antibodies. • Magnetic nanoparticles can be adapted by exchange of the linked bait molecule. • Antibodies could be detected in camel sera without washing steps within seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Friedrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrick Vogel
- Department of Experimental Physics 5 (Biophysics), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin A Rückert
- Department of Experimental Physics 5 (Biophysics), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lyer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Professorship for AI-Controlled Nanomaterials, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johanna Günther
- Department of Experimental Physics 5 (Biophysics), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 597, Dubai, UAE
| | - Sunitha Joseph
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 597, Dubai, UAE
| | - Judith Müller
- Generatio - Center for Animal Genetics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker C Behr
- Department of Experimental Physics 5 (Biophysics), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Tietze
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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Akter R, Rahman MH, Bhattacharya T, Kaushik D, Mittal V, Parashar J, Kumar K, Kabir MT, Tagde P. Novel coronavirus pathogen in humans and animals: an overview on its social impact, economic impact, and potential treatments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:68071-68089. [PMID: 34664166 PMCID: PMC8523003 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
In the light of thousands of infections and deaths, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a worldwide pandemic. It has spread to about 22 million people worldwide, with a total of 0.45 million expiries, limiting the movement of most people worldwide in the last 6 months. However, COVID-19 became the foremost health, economic, and humanitarian challenge of the twenty-first century. Measures intended to curb the pandemic of COVID-19 included travel bans, lockdowns, and social distances through shelter orders, which will further stop human activities suddenly and eventually impact the world and the national economy. The viral disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). After SARS-CoV-2 virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-related CoV, COVID-19 is the third most significant lethal disease to humans. According to WHO, COVID-19 mortality exceeded that of SARS and MERS since COVID-19 was declared an international public health emergency. Genetic sequencing has recently established that COVID-19 is close to SARS-CoV and bat coronavirus which has not yet been recognized as the key cause of this pandemic outbreak, its transmission, and human pathogen mechanism. This review focuses on a brief introduction of novel coronavirus pathogens, including coronavirus in humans and animals, its taxonomic classification, symptoms, pathogenicity, social impact, economic impact, and potential treatment therapy for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokeya Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Sadarghat, Dhaka-1100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh.
| | - Tanima Bhattacharya
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430062
| | - Deepak Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
| | - Vineet Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Jatin Parashar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Md Tanvir Kabir
- Department of Pharmacy, Brac University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Priti Tagde
- Bhabha Pharmacy Research Institute, Bhabha University, Bhopal, M.P, India
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Estudio descriptivo y validación de un modelo predictivo de severidad en pacientes con infección por SARS-CoV-2. ADVANCES IN LABORATORY MEDICINE 2021; 2:399-408. [PMCID: PMC10197352 DOI: 10.1515/almed-2021-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
Objetivos Durante la pandemia causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2 ha surgido la necesidad de identificar variables predictivas que permitan una rápida identificación de aquellos pacientes que desarrollarán la COVID-19 severa para una rápida intervención. Este estudio ha desarrollado y validado un modelo capaz de realizar un pronóstico de severidad de la COVID-19. Métodos A partir de datos analíticos, demográficos y comorbilidades de pacientes visitados en el Servicio de Urgencias con sintomatología compatible de COVID-19, se ha realizado un estudio descriptivo y comparativo de pacientes con PCR-RT positiva y negativa para SARS-CoV-2 y de pacientes con enfermedad COVID-19 moderada y severa. La cohorte COVID-19 positiva ha servido para el desarrollo de un modelo de regresión logística. Resultados Se han incluido 410 pacientes COVID positivo (303 con enfermedad moderada y 107 con enfermedad severa) y 81 COVID negativo. Las variables predictivas del modelo son: lactato deshidrogenasa, proteína C reactiva, proteínas totales, urea y plaquetas. La calibración interna mostró un área bajo la curva ROC (AUC) de 0,88 (IC95%: 0,85–0,92), con un porcentaje de clasificaciones correctas del 85,2% a un valor de corte de 0,5. La validación externa (100 pacientes) obtuvo un AUC de 0,79 (IC95%: 0,71–0,89), con un 73% de clasificaciones correctas. Conclusiones El modelo predictivo desarrollado permite seleccionar desde el Servicio de Urgencias, con una única extracción de sangre y con magnitudes habituales en un Laboratorio Clínico, aquellos pacientes que con mayor probabilidad desarrollarán COVID-19 severa, proporcionando una importante herramienta para la planificación y la toma de decisiones clínicas.
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Villena-Ortiz Y, Giralt M, Castellote-Bellés L, Lopez-Martínez RM, Martinez-Sanchez L, García-Fernández AE, Ferrer-Costa R, Rodríguez-Frias F, Casis E. A descriptive and validation study of a predictive model of severity of SARS-COV-2 infection. ADVANCES IN LABORATORY MEDICINE 2021; 2:390-408. [PMID: 37362407 PMCID: PMC10197269 DOI: 10.1515/almed-2021-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The strain the SARS-COV-2 pandemic is putting on hospitals requires that predictive values are identified for a rapid triage and management of patients at a higher risk of developing severe COVID-19. We developed and validated a prognostic model of COVID-19 severity. METHODS A descriptive, comparative study of patients with positive vs. negative PCR-RT for SARS-COV-2 and of patients who developed moderate vs. severe COVID-19 was conducted. The model was built based on analytical and demographic data and comorbidities of patients seen in an Emergency Department with symptoms consistent with COVID-19. A logistic regression model was designed from data of the COVID-19-positive cohort. RESULTS The sample was composed of 410 COVID-positive patients (303 with moderate disease and 107 with severe disease) and 81 COVID-negative patients. The predictive variables identified included lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein, total proteins, urea, and platelets. Internal calibration showed an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.88 (CI 95%: 0.85-0.92), with a rate of correct classifications of 85.2% for a cut-off value of 0.5. External validation (100 patients) yielded an AUC of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.71-0.89), with a rate of correct classifications of 73%. CONCLUSIONS The predictive model identifies patients at a higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 at Emergency Department, with a first blood test and common parameters used in a clinical laboratory. This model may be a valuable tool for clinical planning and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Villena-Ortiz
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Laboratoris Clínics, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Giralt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Laboratoris Clínics, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Castellote-Bellés
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Laboratoris Clínics, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Lopez-Martínez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Laboratoris Clínics, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa Martinez-Sanchez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Laboratoris Clínics, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Roser Ferrer-Costa
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Laboratoris Clínics, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez-Frias
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Laboratoris Clínics, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernesto Casis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Laboratoris Clínics, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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Alberti A, Schuelter-Trevisol F, Iser BPM, Traebert E, Freiberger V, Ventura L, Rezin GT, da Silva BB, Meneghetti Dallacosta F, Grigollo L, Dias P, Fin G, De Jesus JA, Pertille F, Rossoni C, Hur Soares B, Nodari Júnior RJ, Comim CM. Obesity in people with diabetes in COVID-19 times: Important considerations and precautions to be taken. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:5358-5371. [PMID: 34307590 PMCID: PMC8281433 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i20.5358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At the end of 2019, a new disease with pandemic potential appeared in China. It was a novel coronavirus called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Later, in the first quarter of 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of this disease a pandemic. Elderly people, people with comorbidities, and health care professionals are more vulnerable to COVID-19. Obesity has been growing exponentially worldwide, affecting several age groups. It is a morbidity that is associated with genetic, epigenetic, environment factors and/or interaction between them. Obesity is associated with the development of several diseases including diabetes mellitus, mainly type 2. Diabetes affects a significant portion of the global population. Obesity and diabetes are among the main risk factors for the development of severe symptoms of COVID-19, and individuals with these conditions constitute a risk group. Based on a literature review on obesity in people with diabetes in the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study presents updated important considerations and care to be taken with this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Alberti
- Research Group in Neurodevelopment of Childhood and Adolescence, Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Schuelter-Trevisol
- Brazil Clinical Research Center, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Tubarão, 88704 -900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Betine Pinto Moehlecke Iser
- Brazil Clinical Research Center, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Tubarão, 88704 -900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Eliane Traebert
- Postgraduate Programme in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Viviane Freiberger
- Research Group in Neurodevelopment of Childhood and Adolescence, Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Leticia Ventura
- Research Group in Neurodevelopment of Childhood and Adolescence, Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Brazil Clinical Research Center, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Tubarão, 88704 -900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Bruna Becker da Silva
- Postgraduate Programme in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Meneghetti Dallacosta
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Health, University of the West of Santa Catarina, Joaçaba, 89600-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Leoberto Grigollo
- Research Group in Neurodevelopment of Childhood and Adolescence, Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Paula Dias
- Research Group in Neurodevelopment of Childhood and Adolescence, Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gracielle Fin
- Department of Physical Education, University of the West of Santa Catarina, Joaçaba, 89600-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Josiane Aparecida De Jesus
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Health, University of the West of Santa Catarina, Joaçaba, 89600-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Pertille
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Health, University of the West of Santa Catarina, Joaçaba, 89600-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carina Rossoni
- Environmental Health Institute of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon, Lisboa, 1649-029, Portugal
| | - Ben Hur Soares
- Health Science, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, 99052-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Clarissa Martinelli Comim
- Research Group in Neurodevelopment of Childhood and Adolescence, Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Tsao LR, Villanueva SA, Pines DA, Pham MN, Choo EM, Tang MC, Otani IM. Impact of Rapid Transition to Telemedicine-Based Delivery on Allergy/Immunology Care During COVID-19. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:2672-2679.e2. [PMID: 33894393 PMCID: PMC8061180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) necessitated wide-scale adoption of telemedicine (TM) and restriction of in-person care. The impacts on allergy/immunology (A/I) care delivery are still being studied. OBJECTIVE To describe the outcomes of rapid transition to TM-based care (video visit followed by in-person visits dedicated to diagnostic and therapeutic procedures when needed) at an academic A/I practice during COVID-19. METHODS Demographic data were compared for patients originally scheduled for in-person visits between March 10, 2020, and April 30, 2020, who completed a video visit instead between March 10, 2020, and June 30, 2020, and those who did not. Appointment completion, diagnoses, and drug allergy and skin testing completion were compared for visits between March 10, 2020, and June 30, 2020, and 1 year prior (March 10, 2019-June 30, 2019). RESULTS Sixty-nine percent (265 of 382) of patients originally scheduled between March 10, 2020, and April 30, 2020, were able to complete video visits. Patients who completed video visits were more likely to be white (52% vs 33%; P < .001), English-speaking (96% vs 89%; P = .01), and privately insured (70% vs 54%; P = .004). With TM-based care compared with in-person care, there were significant decreases in environmental and food skin testing completion rates (91% and 92% in 2019 vs 60% and 64% in 2020, respectively, P < .001). Drug allergy testing completed after internal referral remained low but comparable (51% in 2019 vs 52% in 2020). Transitioning nonprocedural visits to video allowed allergen immunotherapy and biologic injection visits to resume at a volume similar to pre-COVID. No COVID-19 infections resulted from in-clinic exposure. CONCLUSIONS Although transitioning to TM-based care allowed continued A/I care delivery, strategies are needed to achieve higher testing completion rates and ensure video visits do not exacerbate existing health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu R Tsao
- UCSF Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, San Francisco, Calif.
| | | | - David A Pines
- UCSF Adult Allergy/Immunology Clinic, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Michele N Pham
- UCSF Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Eugene M Choo
- UCSF Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Monica C Tang
- UCSF Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Iris M Otani
- UCSF Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, San Francisco, Calif
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Lecerf K, Grayson MH. Prepping for a pandemic. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021; 126:313. [PMID: 33775277 PMCID: PMC7994107 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Lecerf
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43205
| | - Mitchell H Grayson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43205.
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