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Assempoor R, Abroy AS, Azarboo A, Ghaseminejad-Raeini A, Najafi K, Hosseini K. Different antithrombotic strategies to prevent cardiovascular complications in Kawasaki patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:738. [PMID: 39548432 PMCID: PMC11566157 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-05202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 11/02/2024] [Indexed: 11/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) poses significant cardiovascular risks, particularly in Kawasaki disease (KD) patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate and compare antithrombotic strategies in preventing CAA formation secondary to Kawasaki disease and the ensuing CAA cardiovascular complications. METHODS Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched major databases, namely PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), myocardial infarction (MI), stenosis, bleeding, occlusion, and coronary artery lesion (CAL) formation were primary outcomes. Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) and Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) scores assessed study quality. A meta-analysis, as well as sensitivity analysis and meta-regression, was performed to compare the efficacy of pharmacological strategies on the outcomes. RESULTS The study included 21 studies with 1045 patients for CAA complications and 41536 patients for CAA formation prevention. In children with CAA secondary to Kawasaki disease, the addition of warfarin to aspirin was associated with a significantly lower odds of myocardial infarction (OR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.11-0.60, I2 = 25%) and mortality (OR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.04-0.88, I2 = 0%) compared to aspirin alone. However, there was no significant difference in MACE (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.08-1.93, I2 = 60%) and occlusion (OR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.02-1.92, I2 = 58%). Sensitivity analysis showed reduced thrombosis (OR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.14-0.62, I2 = 0%), MACE (OR [95% CI] = 0.22[0.06-0.84], I2 = 46%), and occlusion (OR [95% CI] = 0.08[0.02-0.44], I2 = 36%). Meta-regression did not yield significant results. CONCLUSIONS As for the acute phase of KD, no benefit was conferred from adding high-dose aspirin to the routine IVIG alone regimen. However, the complexity of outcomes and the diversity in antithrombotic interventions underscore the need for tailored approaches and further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Assempoor
- Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, North Kargar Ave, Tehran, 1995614331, Iran
| | - Alireza Sattari Abroy
- Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, North Kargar Ave, Tehran, 1995614331, Iran
| | - Alireza Azarboo
- Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, North Kargar Ave, Tehran, 1995614331, Iran
| | | | - Kimia Najafi
- Hakim Children Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Hosseini
- Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, North Kargar Ave, Tehran, 1995614331, Iran.
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Anzai F, Yoshihisa A, Takeishi R, Hotsuki Y, Sato Y, Sumita Y, Nakai M, Misaka T, Takeishi Y. Acute myocardial infarction caused by Kawasaki disease requires more intensive therapy: Insights from the Japanese registry of All Cardiac and Vascular Diseases-Diagnosis Procedure combination. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2022; 100:1173-1181. [PMID: 36316815 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.30457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease (KD) induces coronary arteritis, which causes subsequent coronary aneurysms, and contributes to acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, the differences regarding real-world treatment selection and mortality between AMI-complicated KD and AMI due to typical atherosclerosis (AMI-non KD) are unknown. AIM The aim of the present study was to examine the current treatment strategy and prognosis of AMI-complicated KD compared with AMI due to typical atherosclerosis. METHOD We used data from 2012 to 2019 from a nationwide claim database, the Japanese Registry of All Cardiac and Vascular Diseases-Diagnosis Procedure Combination. RESULTS Compared to the AMI-non KD patients (n = 70,227), the AMI-complicated KD patients (n = 73): (1) underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) less often and more coronary artery bypass grafting, intracoronary thrombolysis or intravenous coronary thrombolysis more often; (2) underwent stentless PCI using old balloon angioplasty or rotablator, when they underwent PCI; and (3) needed in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation and intensive mechanical therapy such as intra-aortic balloon pump, percutaneous cardiopulmonary support or a respirator. Both the AMI-non KD and AMI-complicated KD patients had similar in-hospital mortality rates. CONCLUSIONS Compared with AMI-non KD patients, AMI-complicated KD patients underwent non-PCI strategies such as bypass surgery or thrombolysis, and required intensive therapy with mechanical supports more often, but presented similar in-hospital mortality. When the AMI-complicated KD patients underwent PCI, stentless PCI using balloon angioplasty or rotablator was performed more often compared with the AMI-non KD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Anzai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Akiomi Yoshihisa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Health Science, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ryohei Takeishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yu Hotsuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yu Sato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoko Sumita
- Department of Medical and Health Information Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Michikazu Nakai
- Department of Medical and Health Information Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Misaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yasuchika Takeishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Lee J, Seo J, Shin YH, Jang AY, Suh SY. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in Kawasaki disease: A case report and review of literature. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:9368-9377. [PMID: 36159436 PMCID: PMC9477670 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i26.9368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute self-limiting febrile vasculitis that occurs during childhood and can cause coronary artery aneurysm (CAA). CAAs are associated with a high rate of adverse cardiovascular events.
CASE SUMMARY A Korean 35-year-old man with a 30-year history of KD presented to the emergency room with chest pain. Emergent coronary angiography was performed as ST-segment elevation in the inferior leads was observed on the electrocardiogram. An aneurysm of the left circumflex (LCX) coronary artery was found with massive thrombi within. A drug-eluting 4.5 mm 23 mm-sized stent was inserted into the occluded area without complications. The maximal diameter of the LCX was 6.0 mm with a Z score of 4.7, suggestive of a small aneurysm considering his age, sex, and body surface area. We further present a case series of 19 patients with KD, including the current patient, presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Notably, none of the cases showed Z scores; only five patients (26%) had been regularly followed up by a physician, and only one patient (5.3%) was being treated with antithrombotic therapy before ACS occurred.
CONCLUSION For KD presenting with ACS, regular follow up and medical therapy may be crucial for improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonpyo Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, South Korea
| | - Jeongduk Seo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, South Korea
| | - Yong Hoon Shin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, South Korea
| | - Albert Youngwoo Jang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, South Korea
| | - Soon Yong Suh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, South Korea
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Gori T. Coronary Vasculitis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060622. [PMID: 34072772 PMCID: PMC8226826 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The term coronary “artery vasculitis” is used for a diverse group of diseases with a wide spectrum of manifestations and severity. Clinical manifestations may include pericarditis or myocarditis due to involvement of the coronary microvasculature, stenosis, aneurysm, or spontaneous dissection of large coronaries, or vascular thrombosis. As compared to common atherosclerosis, patients with coronary artery vasculitis are younger and often have a more rapid disease progression. Several clinical entities have been associated with coronary artery vasculitis, including Kawasaki’s disease, Takayasu’s arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, ANCA-associated vasculitis, giant-cell arteritis, and more recently a Kawasaki-like syndrome associated with SARS-COV-2 infection. This review will provide a short description of these conditions, their diagnosis and therapy for use by the practicing cardiologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Gori
- Kardiologie I and DZHK Standort Rhein-Main, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Jiang X, Li J, Zhang X, Chen H. Acute coronary syndrome in a young woman with a giant coronary aneurysm and mitral valve prolapse: a case report and literature review. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:300060521999525. [PMID: 33752500 PMCID: PMC7995495 DOI: 10.1177/0300060521999525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome in the young population is infrequently seen and has a different etiology from that in the elderly population. Giant coronary artery aneurysms are rare and usually asymptomatic, but they can cause acute clinical symptoms such as chest pain or chest tightness. We herein describe a young woman with a history of mitral valve prolapse who developed sudden-onset chest pain. She had mild elevations of her creatine kinase and cardiac troponin levels; however, no ST segment alteration was found on an electrocardiogram, and no abnormal regional wall movement was noted on echocardiography. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with late gadolinium enhancement revealed a "mass" at the right coronary artery and linear subendocardial enhancement at the posterior wall. Coronary angiography later confirmed a giant coronary aneurysm with a substantial thrombus. The combined presence of the coronary artery aneurysm and mitral valve prolapse in this patient was likely a sequela of Kawasaki disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medical Examinations, First People’s Hospital of Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiamin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang, China
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Khubber S, Chana R, Meenakshisundaram C, Dhaliwal K, Gad M, Kaur M, Banerjee K, Verma BR, Shekhar S, Khan MZ, Khan MS, Khan S, Sammour Y, Tsutsui R, Puri R, Kalra A, Bakaeen FG, Simpfendorfer C, Ellis S, Johnston D, Pettersson G, Kapadia S. Coronary artery aneurysms: outcomes following medical, percutaneous interventional and surgical management. Open Heart 2021; 8:openhrt-2020-001440. [PMID: 33568555 PMCID: PMC7878141 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) are increasingly diagnosed on coronary angiography; however, controversies persist regarding their optimal management. In the present study, we analysed the long-term outcomes of patients with CAAs following three different management strategies. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of patient records with documented CAA diagnosis between 2000 and 2005. Patients were divided into three groups: medical management versus percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). We analysed the rate of major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) over a period of 10 years. RESULTS We identified 458 patients with CAAs (mean age 78±10.5 years, 74.5% men) who received medical therapy (N=230) or underwent PCI (N=52) or CABG (N=176). The incidence of CAAs was 0.7% of the total catheterisation reports. The left anterior descending was the most common coronary artery involved (38%). The median follow-up time was 62 months. The total number of MACCE during follow-up was 155 (33.8%); 91 (39.6%) in the medical management group vs 46 (26.1%) in the CABG group vs 18 (34.6%) in the PCI group (p=0.02). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that CABG was associated with better MACCE-free survival (p log-rank=0.03) than medical management. These results were confirmed on univariate Cox regression, but not multivariate regression (OR 0.773 (0.526 to 1.136); p=0.19). Both Kaplan-Meier survival and regression analyses showed that dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) and anticoagulation were not associated with significant improvement in MACCE rates. CONCLUSION Our analysis showed similar long-term MACCE risks in patients with CAA undergoing medical, percutaneous and surgical management. Further, DAPT and anticoagulation were not associated with significant benefits in terms of MACCE rates. These results should be interpreted with caution considering the small size and potential for selection bias and should be confirmed in large, randomised trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shameer Khubber
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Rajdeep Chana
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Kamal Dhaliwal
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mohomed Gad
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kinjal Banerjee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Beni Rai Verma
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Muhummad Zia Khan
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Safi Khan
- Department of Medicine, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital, Sayre, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yasser Sammour
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Rayji Tsutsui
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Rishi Puri
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ankur Kalra
- Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Faisal G Bakaeen
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Stephen Ellis
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Douglas Johnston
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gosta Pettersson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Samir Kapadia
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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7
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Khanna S, Garikapati K, Goh DSL, Cho K, Lo P, Bhojaraja MV, Tarafdar S. Coronary artery vasculitis: a review of current literature. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:7. [PMID: 33407141 PMCID: PMC7788693 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac vasculitis is recognized as a heterogeneous disease process with a wide spectrum of manifestations including pericarditis, myocarditis, valvular heart disease and less frequently, coronary artery vasculitis (CAV). CAV encompasses an emerging field of diseases which differ from conventional atherosclerotic disease and have a proclivity for the younger population groups. CAV portends multiple complications including the development of coronary artery aneurysms, coronary stenotic lesions, and thrombosis, all which may result in acute coronary syndromes. There are several aetiologies for CAV; with Kawasaki's disease, Takayasu's arteritis, Polyarteritis Nodosa, and Giant-Cell Arteritis more frequently described clinically, and in literature. There is a growing role for multi-modality imaging in assisting the diagnostic process; including transthoracic echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography coronary angiography, fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography and conventional coronary angiogram with intravascular ultrasound. Whilst the treatment paradigms fundamentally vary between different aetiologies, there are overlaps with pharmacological regimes in immunosuppressive agents and anti-platelet therapies. Interventional and surgical management are is a consideration in select populations groups, within a multi-disciplinary context. Further large-scale studies are required to better appropriately outline management protocols in this niche population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Khanna
- Department of Medicine, Blacktown Hospital, 18 Blacktown Road, Blacktown, NSW, 2148, Australia.
| | - Kartheek Garikapati
- Department of Medicine, Blacktown Hospital, 18 Blacktown Road, Blacktown, NSW, 2148, Australia
| | - Daniel S L Goh
- Department of Medicine, Blacktown Hospital, 18 Blacktown Road, Blacktown, NSW, 2148, Australia
| | - Kenneth Cho
- Department of Medicine, Blacktown Hospital, 18 Blacktown Road, Blacktown, NSW, 2148, Australia
| | - Phillip Lo
- Department of Medicine, Blacktown Hospital, 18 Blacktown Road, Blacktown, NSW, 2148, Australia
| | | | - Surjit Tarafdar
- Department of Medicine, Blacktown Hospital, 18 Blacktown Road, Blacktown, NSW, 2148, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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8
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Characteristics and Outcomes of Coronary Artery Involvement in Polyarteritis Nodosa. Can J Cardiol 2020; 37:895-903. [PMID: 33310144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery involvement is a severe but uncommon manifestation of polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), so clinicians have little knowledge of it. Our aim was to investigate the clinical characteristics, risk factors and outcomes of patients with PAN complicated with coronary artery lesions. METHODS Data from 145 patients with PAN who were admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2000 to September 2019 were retrospectively collected. RESULTS Nineteen patients (13.1%) had coronary artery lesions due to PAN. The age at the onset of PAN was 32.3 ± 11.8 years. There were no significant differences in common risk factors for coronary arterial atherosclerosis between the patients with coronary artery involvement and those without. Affected branches of the coronary arteries were left anterior descending branch (15 patients), right coronary artery (14 patients), and left circumflex branch (9 patients). Eleven of the 19 patients exhibited multivessel lesions. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that celiac artery involvement (odds ratio [OR] 3.722, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.115-12.427; P = 0.033) and new-onset hypertension (OR 6.668, 95% CI 1.936-22.961; P = 0.003) were risk factors for coronary artery involvement in patients with PAN. Stent placement was performed for 2 patients, and in-stent restenosis occurred in 1 of those patients a year later. CONCLUSIONS PAN with coronary artery involvement exhibits more combined involvement of arteries of other organs and more severe diseases. PAN should be considered when treating young adults with an unknown origin of coronary artery lesions. In addition to systemic immunosuppressive treatment, other measures including antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy should be initiated; however, determining the optimal time to perform procedures such as intervention or surgery is still challenging.
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9
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Manlhiot C, Newburger JW, Low T, Dahdah N, Mackie AS, Raghuveer G, Giglia TM, Dallaire F, Mathew M, Runeckles K, Pahl E, Harahsheh AS, Norozi K, de Ferranti SD, Friedman K, Yetman AT, Kutty S, Mondal T, McCrindle BW. Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin vs Warfarin for Thromboprophylaxis in Children With Coronary Artery Aneurysms After Kawasaki Disease: A Pragmatic Registry Trial. Can J Cardiol 2020; 36:1598-1607. [PMID: 32621885 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The substantial risk of thrombosis in large coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) (maximum z-score ≥ 10) after Kawasaki disease (KD) mandates effective thromboprophylaxis. We sought to determine the effectiveness of anticoagulation (low-molecular-weight heparin [LMWH] or warfarin) for thromboprophylaxis in large CAAs. METHODS Data from 383 patients enrolled in the International KD Registry (IKDR) were used. Time-to-event analysis was used to account for differences in treatment duration and follow-up. RESULTS From diagnosis onward (96% received acetylsalicylic acid concomitantly), 114 patients received LMWH (median duration 6.2 months, interquartile range [IQR] 2.5-12.7), 80 warfarin (median duration 2.2 years, IQR 0.9-7.1), and 189 no anticoagulation. Cumulative incidence of coronary artery thrombosis with LMWH was 5.7 ± 3.0%, with warfarin 6.7 ± 3.7%, and with no anticoagulation 20.6 ± 3.0% (P < 0.001) at 2.5 years after the start of thromboprophylaxis (LMWH vs warfarin HR 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.4-5.1; P = 0.56). A total of 51/63 patients with coronary artery thrombosis received secondary thromboprophylaxis (ie, thromboprophylaxis after a previous thrombus): 27 LMWH, 24 warfarin. There were no differences in incidence of further coronary artery thrombosis between strategies (HR 2.9, 95% CI 0.6-13.5; P = 0.19). Severe bleeding complications were generally rare (1.6 events per 100 patient-years) and were noted equally for patients on LMWH and warfarin (HR 2.3, 95% CI 0.6-8.9; P = 0.25). CONCLUSIONS LMWH and warfarin appear to have equivalent effectiveness for preventing thrombosis in large CAAs after KD, although event rates for secondary thromboprophylaxis and safety outcomes were low. Based on our findings, all patients with CAA z-score ≥ 10 should receive anticoagulation, but the choice of agent might be informed by secondary risk factors and patient preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Manlhiot
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jane W Newburger
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tisiana Low
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nagib Dahdah
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Therese M Giglia
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frederic Dallaire
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathew Mathew
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Runeckles
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elfriede Pahl
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashraf S Harahsheh
- Pediatrics-Cardiology, Children's National Health System/George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kambiz Norozi
- Department of Paediatrics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah D de Ferranti
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin Friedman
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anji T Yetman
- Children's Hospital and Medical Center of Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Shelby Kutty
- Children's Hospital and Medical Center of Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Tapas Mondal
- McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian W McCrindle
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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10
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Dionne A, Dahdah N, Singh-Grewal D, Burgner DP, Newburger JW, de Ferranti SD. Anti-thrombosis management of patients with Kawasaki disease: Results from an international survey. Int J Cardiol 2020; 307:154-158. [PMID: 31753581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) after Kawasaki disease (KD) are at risk of thrombosis, which can lead to myocardial infarction or sudden death. Clinical practice guidelines recommend anticoagulation for high-risk patients. METHODS Web-based worldwide survey of physicians completed between 2016 and 2017 investigating anti-thrombotic management after KD. We compared management of patients by geographic location, Human Development Index (HDI) tier, and medical specialty. RESULTS The survey was completed by 603 physicians from 63 countries. In patients with normal coronaries, 95 (25%) of physicians recommended low-dose aspirin during long-term follow-up (>3 months after diagnosis). In patients with non-giant CAA, dual antiplatelet (e.g. aspirin and clopidogrel) was used by 121 (32%) of physicians, and anticoagulation by 72 (19%) of physicians. In patients with giant CAA, dual antiplatelet was used by 39 (10%) of physicians and anticoagulation by 285 (74%). In multivariable analysis, cardiology (OR 6.4 [95% CI 2.7, 16.1]) and rheumatology (OR 4.3 [95% CI 1.6, 12.6]) specialty (versus general pediatrics) were the only independent predictors of anticoagulant use in patients with giant CAA. CONCLUSION There is significant variation in anti-thrombosis management of patients with CAA after KD, with 26% of physicians not recommending anticoagulation of patients with giant CAA. Further studies are needed to evaluate the drivers of this practice variation to inform educational initiatives and to ascertain impact on long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Dionne
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.
| | - Nagib Dahdah
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Davinder Singh-Grewal
- Department of Rheumatology, The Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, Australia
| | - David P Burgner
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane W Newburger
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Sarah D de Ferranti
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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11
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Teitel DF, Newburger JW, Sutton N, Tani LY, Harahsheh AS, Jone PN, Mensch DJ, Cotts T, Davidson A, Dahdah N, Johnson WH, Portman MA. Development and Utility of Quality Metrics for Ambulatory Pediatric Cardiology in Kawasaki Disease. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2020; 59:245-251. [PMID: 31896280 DOI: 10.1177/0009922819896098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Adult Congenital and Pediatric Cardiology (ACPC) Section of the American College of Cardiology sought to develop quality indicators/metrics for ambulatory pediatric cardiology practice. The objective of this study was to report the creation of metrics for patients with Kawasaki disease. Over a period of 5 months, 12 pediatric cardiologists developed 24 quality metrics based on the most relevant statements, guidelines, and research studies pertaining to Kawasaki disease. Of the 24 metrics, the 8 metrics deemed the most important, feasible, and valid were sent on to the ACPC for consideration. Seven of the 8 metrics were approved using the RAND method by an expert panel. All 7 metrics approved by the ACPC council were accepted by ACPC membership after an "open comments" process. They have been disseminated to the pediatric cardiology community for implementation by the ACPC Quality Network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane W Newburger
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Ashraf S Harahsheh
- Children's National Hospital, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Pei-Ni Jone
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Timothy Cotts
- University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alex Davidson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nagib Dahdah
- CHU Ste-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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de Graeff N, Groot N, Ozen S, Eleftheriou D, Avcin T, Bader-Meunier B, Dolezalova P, Feldman BM, Kone-Paut I, Lahdenne P, McCann L, Pilkington C, Ravelli A, van Royen-Kerkhof A, Uziel Y, Vastert B, Wulffraat N, Kamphuis S, Brogan P, Beresford MW. European consensus-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki disease - the SHARE initiative. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 58:672-682. [PMID: 30535127 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The European Single Hub and Access point for paediatric Rheumatology in Europe initiative aimed to optimize care for children with rheumatic diseases. Kawasaki disease (KD) is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children and an important cause of long-term cardiac disease into adulthood. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of KD is difficult due to the heterogeneity of the disease but is crucial for improving outcome. To date, there are no European internationally agreed, evidence-based guidelines concerning the diagnosis and treatment of KD in children. Accordingly, treatment regimens differ widely. The aim of this study is to provide consensus-based, European-wide evidence-informed recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of children with KD. METHODS Recommendations were developed using the EULAR's standard operating procedures. An extensive systematic literature search was performed, and evidence-based recommendations were extrapolated from the included papers. These were evaluated by a panel of international experts via online surveys and subsequently discussed in three consensus meetings, using nominal group technique. Recommendations were accepted when ⩾80% agreed. RESULTS In total, 17 recommendations for diagnosis and 14 for treatment of KD in children were accepted. Diagnostic recommendations included laboratory and imaging workup for complete as well as incomplete KD. Treatment recommendations included the importance of early treatment in both complete and incomplete KD, use of intravenous immunoglobulin, aspirin, corticosteroids for high-risk cases, and other treatment options for those with resistant disease. CONCLUSION The Single Hub and Access point for paediatric Rheumatology in Europe initiative provides international evidence-based recommendations for diagnosing and treating KD in children, facilitating improvement and uniformity of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke de Graeff
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Noortje Groot
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Seza Ozen
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Despina Eleftheriou
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Tadej Avcin
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, University Children's Hospital Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Brigitte Bader-Meunier
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pavla Dolezalova
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Brian M Feldman
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Isabelle Kone-Paut
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Bicêtre Hospital, APHP, University of Paris SUD, Paris, France
| | - Pekka Lahdenne
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liza McCann
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Clarissa Pilkington
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Angelo Ravelli
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Gaslini Children's Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Annet van Royen-Kerkhof
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yosef Uziel
- Meir Medical Centre, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Bas Vastert
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Wulffraat
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Kamphuis
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Brogan
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Michael W Beresford
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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13
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Hayashida S, Yagi T, Suzuki Y, Tachibana E. Usefulness of multimodality cardiac imaging in a patient with ST elevation myocardial infarction caused by two giant coronary artery aneurysms. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/8/e229995. [PMID: 31383682 PMCID: PMC6685413 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-229995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is a rare cause of myocardial infarction. However, only a few studies have investigated this aspect. An 84-year-old woman with a history of hypertension presented with nausea. showed ST elevation in the inferior leads, and coronary angiography revealed two giant CAAs in the right coronary artery. Percutaneous coronary intervention was difficult because of risk of CAA rupture. Thus, these aneurysms were further evaluated using multimodality cardiac imaging to determine the treatment. MRI using late gadolinium enhancement revealed structural features of the aneurysms and the viability of the myocardium. Only antithrombotic medication was administered on the basis of the results of the multimodality cardiac imaging. Here, we report a rare case of a patient diagnosed with ST elevation myocardial infarction caused by thrombosis in giant CAAs using multimodality cardiac imaging, particularly MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eizo Tachibana
- Cardiology, Kawaguchi Municipal Medical Center, Kawaguchi, Japan
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14
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Li W, Zhang L, Huang P, Zhang Z. Clinical features and mid-term follow-up in infants younger than 3 months with Kawasaki disease in a Chinese population. J Paediatr Child Health 2019; 55:523-527. [PMID: 30246351 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the clinical features and mid-term follow-up of Kawasaki disease (KD) in infants younger than 3 months of age in a Chinese population. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of clinical signs, laboratory data, echocardiography results and outcomes for patients with KD diagnosed at our hospital from January 2009 to December 2013. A total of 1150 children were diagnosed with KD, and 200 KD patients were enrolled in this study. Group 1 included 40 children younger than 3 months of age. We randomly selected a control group as Group 2 included 160 children older than 3 months of age who fulfilled diagnostic criteria for KD and maintained follow-up for more than 1 year. RESULTS There was a significant difference in clinical manifestations between the two groups, except respiratory infection. Group 1 was more likely to have incomplete presentation (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in laboratory data except for white blood cell counts between the two groups. Coronary artery abnormalities were significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.001). At a mean follow-up of 18 months (range 12-48 months), all patients with coronary artery abnormalities, except for giant coronary aneurysms, returned to normal in terms of diameter as assessed by echocardiography. CONCLUSIONS Infants younger than 3 months of age with KD often present with incomplete criteria, and diagnosis may be delayed. In addition, there may be a higher risk of developing coronary artery abnormalities. All patients except those with giant coronary aneurysms recovered well without complications at mid-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Affiliated South China Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Affiliated South China Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Pilania RK, Jindal AK, Guleria S, Singh S. An Update on Treatment of Kawasaki Disease. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN RHEUMATOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40674-019-00115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Fukazawa R, Kobayashi T, Mikami M, Saji T, Hamaoka K, Kato H, Suzuki H, Tsuda E, Ayusawa M, Miura M, Ebata R, Kobayashi T, Yashiro M, Ogawa S. Nationwide Survey of Patients With Giant Coronary Aneurysm Secondary to Kawasaki Disease 1999-2010 in Japan. Circ J 2017; 82:239-246. [PMID: 28855435 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-17-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giant coronary aneurysm is the most severe sequela in Kawasaki disease, occurring in approximately 0.2% of patients in Japan. Regression is rare, while myocardial infarction (MI) and sudden death are relatively common. Herein, we reviewed patients with giant coronary aneurysm in a 10-year period. METHODS AND RESULTS A nationwide questionnaire survey was conducted based on a national epidemiological database from 1999 to 2010. We identified 355 giant coronary aneurysm patients, of whom 209 were analyzed. The 5- and 10-year total cardiac event-free rates were 0.72 and 0.68, respectively. Twelve patients died, and MI was observed in 32 patients (18.1%). Five and 6 deaths were due to coronary rupture and MI, respectively. All ruptures occurred within 1 month of onset, while most MI occurred within 18 months. There was no death beyond 2 years. Aneurysm size was significantly related to the occurrence of MI in both the right and left coronary arteries. At the time of writing, 55% of patients had no exercise limitations. And including patients who cannot perform strenuous exercises, 81% of patients were leading ordinary lives. CONCLUSIONS Severe cardiac events are likely to occur within 2 years from onset of Kawasaki disease, while no deaths occurred beyond this time. Hence, careful monitoring is needed especially for the first 2 years. Most patients with giant coronary aneurysms can lead ordinary lives with appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tohru Kobayashi
- Division of Clinical Research Planning, Department of Development Strategy, Center for Clinical Research and Development, National Center for Child Health and Development
| | - Masashi Mikami
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Data Management, Center for Clinical Research and Development, National Center for Child Health and Development
| | - Tsutomu Saji
- First Department of Pediatrics, Toho University Omori Medical Center
| | - Kenji Hamaoka
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science
| | - Hitoshi Kato
- Department of Cardiology, National Center for Child Health and Development
| | | | - Etsuko Tsuda
- Department of Pediatrics Cardiovascular Surgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Mamoru Ayusawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Masaru Miura
- Division of Cardiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center
| | - Ryota Ebata
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University
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17
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Ochi M. Review: surgical treatment of giant coronary aneurysms in pediatric patients with Kawasaki disease. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 66:121-129. [PMID: 29214375 DOI: 10.1007/s11748-017-0877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In Kawasaki disease (KD), giant coronary aneurysms in the proximal segments of the coronary arteries have long been among the serious complications associated with acute myocardial infarction. To treat myocardial ischemia in children, Kitamura et al. first performed coronary artery bypass grafting in a pediatric patient using an autologous saphenous vein. In the early 1980s, they began to use the internal thoracic artery (ITA) as a bypass graft to the left anterior descending artery, which later was proven to improve long-term life expectancy with its favorable long-term patency, as well as growth potential. Thus, the excellent characteristics of the ITA have come to be widely known among pediatric cardiac surgeons, and a growing number of coronary bypass surgery procedures using the ITA are now being performed worldwide. Although a longer follow-up with more patients is necessary, downsizing reconstructive procedure may be a treatment of choice for giant aneurysms of non-LAD territories to improve coronary circulation. The efficacy of surgical treatment for giant coronary aneurysms in pediatric patients with Kawasaki disease is now well established. Pediatric coronary artery bypass grafting using the ITA, either single or bilateral, can be safe not only for patients with Kawasaki coronary disease but also for infants with congenital coronary lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Ochi
- Nippon Medical School, 1-56-11 Kitasenzoku Ohta-ku, Tokyo, 145-0062, Japan.
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18
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Joo HJ, Woong Yu C, Choi R, Park J, Lee HJ, Kim JS, Choi YJ, Park JH, Hong SJ, Lim DS. Clinical outcomes of patients with coronary artery aneurysm after the first generation drug-eluting stent implantation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 92:E235-E245. [PMID: 29164770 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.27429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to investigate the long-term clinical outcomes of patients with coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation, compared with patients without CAA. BACKGROUND CAA developed after DES implantation is a rare but associated with poor clinical outcome. METHODS We retrospectively compared 78 patients with CAA after DES implantation with 269 patients without CAA who underwent DES implantation for complex lesions (controls). The primary endpoint was defined as major adverse cardiac events (MACE), the composite of all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), and target lesion revascularization (TLR). RESULTS Morphologically, CAAs were saccular (32%), fusiform (13%), or microform (55%). The stent types involved were Cypher (n = 56, 71.8%) and Taxus (n = 22, 28.2%). During a median follow-up period of 1164 days, the incidence of MACE was significantly higher in the CAA group (26.9 vs. 2.2%, P < 0.001); the difference was driven mainly by nonfatal MI (11.5 vs. 0%, P < 0.001) and TLR (20.5 vs. 1.9%, P < 0.001). The incidence of stent thrombosis was higher in the CAA group (12.8 vs. 0.74%, P < 0.001), irrespective of the maintenance of dual antiplatelet therapy. In the CAA group, Cox regression analysis showed significantly higher hazard ratios of CAA for MACE during the follow-up period. Further analyses after propensity-score matching of 65 pairs also showed similar results. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of MACE was higher in patients with CAA compared with patients without CAA after DES implantation. This difference was driven by TLR and nonfatal MI and widened over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Joon Joo
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Woong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - RakKyeong Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sejong Hospital and Sejong Heart Institute, Korea
| | - Jinsik Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sejong Hospital and Sejong Heart Institute, Korea
| | - Hyun Jong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sejong Hospital and Sejong Heart Institute, Korea
| | - Je Sang Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sejong Hospital and Sejong Heart Institute, Korea
| | - Young Jin Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sejong Hospital and Sejong Heart Institute, Korea
| | - Jae Hyoung Park
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Jun Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Sun Lim
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 136-705, Republic of Korea
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19
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Abstract
Aneurysmal coronary artery disease (ACAD) comprises both coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) and coronary artery ectasia (CAE). The reported prevalence of ACAD varies widely from 0.2 to 10%, with male predominance and a predilection for the right coronary artery (RCA). Atherosclerosis is the commonest cause of ACAD in adults, while Kawasaki disease is the commonest cause in children and adolescents, as well as in the Far East. Most patients are asymptomatic, but when symptoms do exist, they are usually related to myocardial ischemia. Coronary angiography is the mainstay of diagnosis, but follow up is best achieved using noninvasive imaging that does not involve exposure to radiation. The optimal management strategy in patients with ACAD remains controversial. Medical therapy is indicated for the vast majority of patients and includes antiplatelets and/or anticoagulants. Covered stents effectively limit further expansion of the affected coronary segments. Surgical ligation, resection, and coronary artery bypass grafting are appropriate for large lesions and for associated obstructive coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed M ElGuindy
- Department of Cardiology, Aswan Heart Centre, Egypt.,Imperial College London, UK
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20
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Baker AL, Vanderpluym C, Gauvreau KA, Fulton DR, de Ferranti SD, Friedman KG, Murray JM, Brown LD, Almond CS, Evans-Langhorst M, Newburger JW. Safety and Efficacy of Warfarin Therapy in Kawasaki Disease. J Pediatr 2017; 189:61-65. [PMID: 28552449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the safety and efficacy of warfarin for patients with Kawasaki disease and giant coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs, ≥8 mm). Giant aneurysms are managed with combined anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapies, heightening risk of bleeding complications. STUDY DESIGN We reviewed the time in therapeutic range; percentage of international normalization ratios (INRs) in range (%); bleeding events, clotting events; INRs ≥6; INRs ≥5 and <6; and INRs <1.5. RESULTS In 9 patients (5 male), median age 14.4 years (range 7.1-22.8 years), INR testing was prescribed weekly to monthly and was done by home monitor (n = 5) or laboratory (n = 3) or combined (1). Median length of warfarin therapy was 7.2 years (2.3-13.3 years). Goal INR was 2.0-3.0 (n = 6) or 2.5-3.5 (n = 3), based on CAA size and history of CAA thrombosis. All patients were treated with aspirin; 1 was on dual antiplatelet therapy and warfarin. The median time in therapeutic range was 59% (37%-85%), and median percentage of INRs in range was 68% (52%-87%). INR >6 occurred in 3 patients (4 events); INRs ≥5 <6 in 7 patients (12 events); and INR <1.5 in 5 patients (28 events). The incidence of major bleeding events and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding events were each 4.3 per 100 patient-years (95% CI 0.9-12.6). New asymptomatic coronary thrombosis was detected by imaging in 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS Bleeding and clotting complications are common in patients with Kawasaki disease on warfarin and aspirin, with INRs in range only two-thirds of the time. Future studies should evaluate the use of direct oral anticoagulants in children as an alternative to warfarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette L Baker
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Christina Vanderpluym
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kimberly A Gauvreau
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David R Fulton
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah D de Ferranti
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kevin G Friedman
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jenna M Murray
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Loren D Brown
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher S Almond
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Jane W Newburger
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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21
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Giant coronary aneurysms in infants with Kawasaki disease. ANALES DE PEDIATRÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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22
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McCrindle BW, Rowley AH, Newburger JW, Burns JC, Bolger AF, Gewitz M, Baker AL, Jackson MA, Takahashi M, Shah PB, Kobayashi T, Wu MH, Saji TT, Pahl E. Diagnosis, Treatment, and Long-Term Management of Kawasaki Disease: A Scientific Statement for Health Professionals From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2017; 135:e927-e999. [PMID: 28356445 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2396] [Impact Index Per Article: 299.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease is an acute vasculitis of childhood that leads to coronary artery aneurysms in ≈25% of untreated cases. It has been reported worldwide and is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries. METHODS AND RESULTS To revise the previous American Heart Association guidelines, a multidisciplinary writing group of experts was convened to review and appraise available evidence and practice-based opinion, as well as to provide updated recommendations for diagnosis, treatment of the acute illness, and long-term management. Although the cause remains unknown, discussion sections highlight new insights into the epidemiology, genetics, pathogenesis, pathology, natural history, and long-term outcomes. Prompt diagnosis is essential, and an updated algorithm defines supplemental information to be used to assist the diagnosis when classic clinical criteria are incomplete. Although intravenous immune globulin is the mainstay of initial treatment, the role for additional primary therapy in selected patients is discussed. Approximately 10% to 20% of patients do not respond to initial intravenous immune globulin, and recommendations for additional therapies are provided. Careful initial management of evolving coronary artery abnormalities is essential, necessitating an increased frequency of assessments and escalation of thromboprophylaxis. Risk stratification for long-term management is based primarily on maximal coronary artery luminal dimensions, normalized as Z scores, and is calibrated to both past and current involvement. Patients with aneurysms require life-long and uninterrupted cardiology follow-up. CONCLUSIONS These recommendations provide updated and best evidence-based guidance to healthcare providers who diagnose and manage Kawasaki disease, but clinical decision making should be individualized to specific patient circumstances.
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23
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Chowdhury D, Gurvitz M, Marelli A, Anderson J, Baker-Smith C, Diab KA, Edwards TC, Hougen T, Jedeikin R, Johnson JN, Karpawich P, Lai W, Lu JC, Mitchell S, Newburger JW, Penny DJ, Portman MA, Satou G, Teitel D, Villafane J, Williams R, Jenkins K, Williams R, Jenkins K, Gurvitz M, Marelli A, Campbell R, Chowdhury D, Jedeikin R, Behera S, Hokanson J, Lu J, Kakavand B, Boris J, Cardis B, Bansal M, Anderson J, Schultz A, O'Connor M, Vinocur JM, Halnon N, Johnson J, Barrett C, Graham E, Krawczeski C, Franklin W, McGovern J, Hattendorf B, Teitel D, Cotts T, Davidson A, Harahsheh A, Johnson W, Jone PN, Sutton N, Tani L, Dahdah N, Portman M, Mensch D, Newburger J, Hougen T, Cross R, Diab K, Karpawich P, Lai W, Peuster M, Schiff R, Saarel E, Satou G, Serwer G, Villafane J, Edwards T, Penny D, Carlson K, Jayakumar KA, Park M, Tede N, Uzark K, Baker Smith C, Fleishman C, Connuck D, Ettedgui J, Likes M, Tsuda T. Development of Quality Metrics in Ambulatory Pediatric Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69:541-555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Abstract
A 74-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with chest pain and dyspnea associated with ST elevation in leads II, III and aVF. An echocardiogram showed an enlarged mass lesion measuring nearly 80 mm. Coronary angiography showed two giant coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) in the right coronary artery (RCA). CAAs were also seen in the left main trunk and left anterior descending artery. Computed tomography showed the CAA in the RCA was ruptured into the right atrium. We therefore diagnosed this patient with multiple CAAs, myocardial infarction and coronary artery rupture. He underwent successful surgical excision and coronary bypass surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Usuku
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Japan
| | - Sunao Kojima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Naoto Kuyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Hanatani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Satoshi Araki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Tsunoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Fukui
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Seiji Hokimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
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Sánchez Andrés A, Salvador Mercader I, Seller Moya J, Carrasco Moreno JI. [Giant coronary aneurysms in infants with Kawasaki disease]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2016; 87:65-72. [PMID: 27649630 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis of unknown origin and predominant in males. The long-term effects of the disease depend on whether there are coronary lesions, particularly aneurysms. The prognosis of patients with giant aneurysms is very poor due to their natural progression to coronary thrombosis or severe obstructive lesions. OBJECTIVES A series of 8 cases is presented where the epidemiology and diagnostic methods are described. The treatment of the acute and long-term cardiovascular sequelae is also reviewed. METHODS A descriptive analysis was conducted on patients admitted to the Paediatric Cardiology Unit of La Fe University Hospital (Valencia) with KD and a coronary lesion. RESULTS More than one artery was involved in all patients. Although early diagnosis was established in only two cases, none of the patients had severe impairment of ventricular function during the acute phase. Treatment included intravenous gammaglobulin and acetylsalicylic acid at anti-inflammatory doses during the acute phase. A combination of dual antiplatelet therapy and corticosteroids was given in cases of coronary thrombosis. The silent aneurysms continue to persist. CONCLUSIONS KD is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children. The delay in diagnosis is associated with a greater likelihood of coronary lesions that could increase the risk of cardiovascular events in adulthood. Thus, this subgroup requires close clinical monitoring for a better control of cardiovascular risk factors over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sánchez Andrés
- Servicio de Cardiología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España.
| | | | - Julia Seller Moya
- Servicio de Cardiología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España
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Potter EL, Meredith IT, Psaltis PJ. ST-elevation myocardial infarction in a young adult secondary to giant coronary aneurysm thrombosis: an important sequela of Kawasaki disease and a management challenge. BMJ Case Rep 2016; 2016:bcr-2015-213622. [PMID: 26791126 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2015-213622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis of a coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is a rare trigger for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and an important cause of STEMI in young adults previously affected by Kawasaki disease. Initial management should proceed in line with standard STEMI-management guidelines advocating antiplatelet medication and emergency coronary angiography. Acute CAA thrombosis presents the interventional cardiologist with unique challenges during attempted percutaneous revascularisation. In the absence of consensus guidelines, experiential reporting can therefore be of great value. We report on a 36-year-old Vietnamese woman presenting with an inferior STEMI secondary to two giant thrombosed aneurysms of the right coronary artery. Coronary wiring and thrombus aspiration temporarily improved coronary flow but recurrent thrombus with distal embolisation resulted in ventricular fibrillation and cardiogenic shock. Emergency surgical revascularisation subsequently provided a definitive and successful outcome. We discuss the challenges of percutaneous coronary intervention in this scenario and review previous reports to give an overview of principles of decision-making and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Potter
- Monash Heart, Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre & Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian T Meredith
- Monash Heart, Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre & Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter James Psaltis
- Heart Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Motozawa Y, Uozumi H, Maemura S, Nakata R, Yamamoto K, Takizawa M, Kumagai H, Ikeda Y, Komuro I, Ikenouchi H. Acute Myocardial Infarction That Resulted From Poor Adherence to Medical Treatment for Giant Coronary Aneurysm. Int Heart J 2015; 56:551-4. [PMID: 26155999 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.15-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Coronary arterial complications associated with Kawasaki disease (KD), such as a giant coronary aneurysm, determine the relative risk of future cardiac events and require lifelong medical treatment. Here, we describe a 24-year-old man who developed myocardial infarction due to poor adherence to medical treatment for a giant coronary aneurysm in the chronic phase of KD. He was hospitalized two hours after the onset of chest pain. The presence of the giant coronary aneurysm made primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) difficult. However, we were able to perform primary PCI successfully utilizing previous coronary computed tomography (CT) angiographic pictures as a reference. This case provides valuable insight for the management of coronary arterial complications associated with KD. Patients in the chronic phase of KD are usually asymptomatic, even in the presence of giant coronary aneurysms which have been reported to have a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, patient education is critical for preventing poor adherence to medical treatment for coronary arterial complications. In preparation for potential coronary intervention in the future, it is also useful to perform coronary CT angiography, coronary magnetic resonance (MR) angiography, and/or coronary angiography on a regular basis while patients remain free from serious cardiac events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Motozawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
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Bhagwat A, Mukhedkar S, Ekbote S, Gordon JB. Missed Kawasaki disease in childhood presenting as myocardial infarction in adults. Indian Heart J 2015; 67:385-8. [PMID: 26304576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute, self-limited vasculitis that occurs in young children and was first described by Japanese pediatrician Tomisaku Kawasaki in 1967. Although originally thought to be a rare condition, KD has become the most common cause of acquired heart disease in the pediatric population in developed countries. The majority of patients with KD appear to have a benign prognosis, but a subset of patients with coronary artery aneurysms are at risk for ischemic events and require lifelong treatment. In the 4 decades since the initial recognition of KD, the number of patients reaching adulthood has continued to grow. Adult cardiologists will be increasingly involved in the management of these patients. Currently, there are no established guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of adult patients who have had KD. We report 4 most probable cases of KD missed in childhood and presented as acute coronary syndrome in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John B Gordon
- San Diego Cardiac Center and Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
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29
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Kawasaki disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-09138-1.00160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Levin M, Burns JC, Gordon JB. Warfarin plus aspirin or aspirin alone for patients with giant coronary artery aneurysms secondary to Kawasaki disease? Cardiology 2014; 129:174-7. [PMID: 25300244 DOI: 10.1159/000366052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Section for Paediatrics, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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32
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Su D, Wang K, Qin S, Pang Y. Safety and Efficacy of Warfarin plus Aspirin Combination Therapy for Giant Coronary Artery Aneurysm Secondary to Kawasaki Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Cardiology 2014; 129:55-64. [DOI: 10.1159/000363732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Thrombotic risk stratification using computational modeling in patients with coronary artery aneurysms following Kawasaki disease. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2014; 13:1261-76. [PMID: 24722951 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-014-0570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children and can result in life-threatening coronary artery aneurysms in up to 25 % of patients. These aneurysms put patients at risk of thrombus formation, myocardial infarction, and sudden death. Clinicians must therefore decide which patients should be treated with anticoagulant medication, and/or surgical or percutaneous intervention. Current recommendations regarding initiation of anticoagulant therapy are based on anatomy alone with historical data suggesting that patients with aneurysms [Formula: see text]8 mm are at greatest risk of thrombosis. Given the multitude of variables that influence thrombus formation, we postulated that hemodynamic data derived from patient-specific simulations would more accurately predict risk of thrombosis than maximum diameter alone. Patient-specific blood flow simulations were performed on five KD patients with aneurysms and one KD patient with normal coronary arteries. Key hemodynamic and geometric parameters, including wall shear stress, particle residence time, and shape indices, were extracted from the models and simulations and compared with clinical outcomes. Preliminary fluid structure interaction simulations with radial expansion were performed, revealing modest differences in wall shear stress compared to the rigid wall case. Simulations provide compelling evidence that hemodynamic parameters may be a more accurate predictor of thrombotic risk than aneurysm diameter alone and motivate the need for follow-up studies with a larger cohort. These results suggest that a clinical index incorporating hemodynamic information be used in the future to select patients for anticoagulant therapy.
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Tsuda E, Hamaoka K, Suzuki H, Sakazaki H, Murakami Y, Nakagawa M, Takasugi H, Yoshibayashi M. A survey of the 3-decade outcome for patients with giant aneurysms caused by Kawasaki disease. Am Heart J 2014; 167:249-58. [PMID: 24439987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our purpose was to determine the outcome in patients with a more-than-20-year history of giant coronary aneurysms (GAs) caused by Kawasaki disease (KD). METHODS Between 2010 and 2011, the incidence and outcome of cardiac events (CEs) in patients with GA was surveyed by questionnaire by the Kinki area Society of KD research. Death, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), percutaneous coronary catheter intervention, syncope, and ventricular tachycardia were considered as CEs. Survival rate and CE-free rate were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS We enrolled 245 patients (187 were male, 58 were female), 141 with bilateral GA and 104 with unilateral GA. The interval between the onset of acute KD to the time of survey ranged from 0.2 to 51 years, and the median was 20 years. Death, AMI, and CABG occurred in 15 (6%), 57 (23%), and 90 patients (37%), respectively. The CE-free rate and the survival rate at 30 years after KD were 36% (95% CI 28-45) and 90% (95% CI 84-94), respectively. The 30-year survival rate for bilateral GA was 87% (95% CI 78-93), and for unilateral GA, it was 96% (95% CI 85-96; hazard ratio 4.60, 95% CI 1.27-29.4, P = .027). The 30-year survival rate in patients with AMI was 49% (95% CI 27-71), and the 25-year survival rate in patients undergoing CABG was 92% (95% CI 81-98). CONCLUSIONS The outcome differed significantly between bilateral GA and unilateral GA. The results focus attention on the need to preserve myocardial perfusion, especially in high-risk patients with bilateral GA. An understanding of the optimal CABG would be useful in bilateral GA.
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Tsuda E. Coronary artery bypass grafting for coronary artery stenosis caused by Kawasaki disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 7:533-9. [DOI: 10.1586/erc.09.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute self-limiting inflammatory disorder, associated with vasculitis, affecting predominantly medium-sized arteries, particularly the coronary arteries. In developed countries KD is the commonest cause of acquired heart disease in childhood. The aetiology of KD remains unknown, and it is currently believed that one or more as yet unidentified infectious agents induce an intense inflammatory host response in genetically susceptible individuals. Genetic studies have identified several susceptibility genes for KD and its sequelae in different ethnic populations, including FCGR2A, CD40, ITPKC, FAM167A-BLK and CASP3, as well as genes influencing response to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aneurysm formation such as FCGR3B, and transforming growth factor (TGF) β pathway genes. IVIG and aspirin are effective therapeutically, but recent clinical trials and meta-analyses have demonstrated that the addition of corticosteroids to IVIG is beneficial for the prevention of coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) in severe cases with highest risk of IVIG resistance. Outside of Japan, however, clinical scores to predict IVIG resistance perform suboptimally. Furthermore, the evidence base does not provide clear guidance on which corticosteroid regimen is most effective. Other therapies, including anti-TNFα, could also have a role for IVIG-resistant KD. Irrespective of these caveats, it is clear that therapy that reduces inflammation in acute KD, improves outcome. This paper summarises recent advances in the understanding of KD pathogenesis and therapeutics, and provides an approach for managing KD patients in the UK in the light of these advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Eleftheriou
- Paediatric Rheumatology/Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Unit, Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, , London, UK
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Giglia TM, Massicotte MP, Tweddell JS, Barst RJ, Bauman M, Erickson CC, Feltes TF, Foster E, Hinoki K, Ichord RN, Kreutzer J, McCrindle BW, Newburger JW, Tabbutt S, Todd JL, Webb CL. Prevention and Treatment of Thrombosis in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease. Circulation 2013; 128:2622-703. [DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000436140.77832.7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Tacke CE, Burgner D, Kuipers IM, Kuijpers TW. Management of acute and refractory Kawasaki disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013. [PMID: 23199405 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acute Kawasaki disease (KD) is treated with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), which is proven to decrease the incidence of coronary artery aneurysms from 25% to less than 5%. Aspirin is also given, although the evidence base is less secure. There is increasing evidence for steroid therapy as adjunctive primary therapy with IVIG, especially in Asian children. Approximately 10-30% of patients fail to respond to the initial IVIG and are at increased risk of coronary artery aneurysms. The optimal treatment for IVIG-nonresponsive KD remains controversial. Management options include further dose(s) of IVIG, corticosteroids, TNF-α blockade, cyclosporin A, anti-IL-1 and anti-CD20 therapy. In this article, the authors review the current evidence for treatment of acute KD and discuss options for IVIG nonresponders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carline E Tacke
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, H7-230, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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The fate and observed management of giant coronary artery aneurysms secondary to Kawasaki disease in the Province of Quebec: the complete series since 1976. Pediatr Cardiol 2013; 34:170-8. [PMID: 22706758 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-012-0409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Most population-based series reporting on the coronary artery complications after Kawasaki disease (KD) originate from Japan. This study aimed to describe the complete series of KD patients from the province of Quebec in Canada, a predominantly Caucasian population. This retrospective case series was conducted by the Quebec Kawasaki Disease Registry, a multi-institutional collaboration reviewing 89.8 % of all KD cases identified by the Ministry of Health records of hospitalization for KD from the first recognized case in 1976 until 2008. This report describes the course of 38 patients (95 % Caucasians) with a diagnosis of giant coronary artery aneurysms, which represent 1.9 % of all reviewed cases and 26.2 % of those with a coronary aneurysm 5 mm or larger. The age at diagnosis was 5.52 ± 4.04 years, and the follow-up period was 9.26 ± 6.9 years. The KD diagnosis was retrospective at autopsy in two cases and via echocardiography in four cases. The overall freedom from coronary thrombi, coronary intervention, or death was respectively 63.9, 67.5, and 85.1 %. Five deaths occurred as follows: 21 days after onset of fever (2 cases), 1.8 months after onset of fever (1 case), 1 year after retrospectively presumed but previously undiagnosed KD (1 case), and 5.7 years after a KD diagnosis (1 case of sudden cardiac death). Percutaneous transluminal coronary revascularization was attempted in four cases (1 requiring cardiac transplantation), and two other cases underwent primary bypass graft surgery. Whereas this study investigated cases of KD with severe coronary sequelae in the Province of Quebec, larger collaborative studies should be conducted for further understanding of the disease in predominantly non-Asian populations.
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Homeister JW, Willis MS. The Molecular Biology and Treatment of Systemic Vasculitis in Children. MOLECULAR AND TRANSLATIONAL VASCULAR MEDICINE 2012. [PMCID: PMC7121654 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-906-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Primary systemic vasculitides are rare in childhood but are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The cause of the majority of vasculitides is unknown, although it is likely that a complex interaction between environmental factors, such as infections and inherited host responses, triggers the disease and determines the vasculitis phenotype. Several genetic polymorphisms in vasculitides have now been described, which may be relevant in terms of disease predisposition or development of disease complications. Treatment regimens continue to improve with the use of different immunosuppressive medications and newer therapeutic approaches such as biologic agents. This chapter reviews recent studies shedding light on the pathogenesis of vasculitis with emphasis on molecular biology where known, and summarizes current treatment strategies. We discuss new emerging challenges particularly with respect to the long-term cardiovascular morbidity for children with systemic vasculitis and emphasize the importance of future international multicenter collaborative studies to further increase and standardize the scientific base investigating and treating childhood vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon W. Homeister
- grid.410711.20000 0001 1034 1720, The University of North Carolina, McAllister Heart Institute, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, 27599-7525 USA
| | - Monte S. Willis
- grid.410711.20000 0001 1034 1720, The University of North Carolina, McAllister Heart Institute, 103 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, 27599-7525 USA
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Canares TL, Wahezi DM, Farooqi KM, Pass RH, Ilowite NT. Giant coronary artery aneurysms in juvenile polyarteritis nodosa: a case report. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2012; 10:1. [PMID: 22222048 PMCID: PMC3266188 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-10-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a rare, necrotizing vasculitis, primarily affecting small to medium-sized muscular arteries. Cardiac involvement amongst patients with PAN is uncommon and reports of coronary artery aneurysms in juvenile PAN are exceedingly rare. We describe a 16 year old girl who presented with fever, arthritis and two giant coronary artery aneurysms, initially diagnosed as atypical Kawasaki disease and treated with IVIG and methylprednisolone. Her persistent fevers, arthritis, myalgias were refractory to treatment, and onset of a vasculitic rash suggested an alternative diagnosis. Based on angiographic abnormalities, polymyalgia, hypertension and skin involvement, this patient met criteria for juvenile PAN. She was treated with six months of intravenous cyclophosphamide and high dose corticosteroids for presumed PAN related coronary vasculitis. Maintenance therapy was continued with azathioprine and the patient currently remains without evidence of active vasculitis. She remains on anticoagulation for persistence of the aneurysms. This case illustrates a rare and unusual presentation of giant coronary artery aneurysms in the setting of juvenile PAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese L Canares
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, 3415 Bainbridge Ave, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
| | - Dawn M Wahezi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, 3415 Bainbridge Ave, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA
| | - Kanwal M Farooqi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, 3415 Bainbridge Ave, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA
| | - Robert H Pass
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, 3415 Bainbridge Ave, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA
| | - Norman T Ilowite
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, 3415 Bainbridge Ave, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA
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Yu Y, Sun K, Wang R, Li Y, Xue H, Yu L, Chen S, Xi L. Comparison study of echocardiography and dual-source CT in diagnosis of coronary artery aneurysm due to Kawasaki disease: coronary artery disease. Echocardiography 2011; 28:1025-34. [PMID: 21854436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2011.01486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) in the acute and chronic phase of the disease is of prime importance for assessing the likelihood of acute lesions and cardiovascular sequelae. Occasionally, recognition of distal coronary artery has been proven challenging by traditional echocardiography. Our purpose was to evaluate the clinical application of two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) for detecting CAA caused by Kawasaki disease (KD) and compare with dual-source computed tomography (DSCT). A total of 24 patients with known KD and CAAs were studied by two imaging modalities, i.e., 2DE and DSCT; that is to say, the number, position, shape, and size of each CAA and its association with thrombus, were detected first from echocardiography and then compared with those obtained from DSCT performed on the same day. Meanwhile the diameters of all coronary segments were measured for each patient. Giant aneurysms (GAs) were detected in 5 patients, small and medium coronary aneurysms were identified in 19 patients. The 2DE and DSCT have the same results of proximal coronary artery, whereas conclusion of our comparison of coronary artery visualization indicated that DSCT provided more explicit distal coronary artery than 2DE. A mural thrombus could be clearly delineated in the GAs by DSCT. The 2DE has been demonstrated to be an accurate technique to quantify CAAs in KD. However, DSCT is superior to 2DE for distal coronary artery visualization. Therefore, a combination of echocardiography and DSCT can offer an overview of coronary artery anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Falcini F, Capannini S, Rigante D. Kawasaki syndrome: an intriguing disease with numerous unsolved dilemmas. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2011; 9:17. [PMID: 21774801 PMCID: PMC3163180 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-9-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 40 years have passed since Kawasaki syndrome (KS) was first described. Yet KS still remains an enigmatic illness which damages the coronary arteries in a quarter of untreated patients and is the most common cause of childhood-acquired heart disease in developed countries. Many gaps exist in our knowledge of the etiology and pathogenesis of KS, making improvements in therapy difficult. In addition, many KS features and issues still demand further efforts to achieve a much better understanding of the disease. Some of these problem areas include coronary artery injuries in children not fulfilling the classic diagnostic criteria, genetic predisposition to KS, unpredictable ineffectiveness of current therapy in some cases, vascular dysfunction in patients not showing echocardiographic evidence of coronary artery abnormalities in the acute phase of KS, and risk of potential premature atherosclerosis. Also, the lack of specific laboratory tests for early identification of the atypical and incomplete cases, especially in infants, is one of the main obstacles to beginning treatment early and thereby decreasing the incidence of cardiovascular involvement. Transthoracic echocardiography remains the gold-standard for evaluation of coronary arteries in the acute phase and follow-up. In KS patients with severe vascular complications, more costly and potentially invasive investigations such as coronary CT angiography and MRI may be necessary. As children with KS with or without heart involvement become adolescents and adults, the recognition and treatment of the potential long term sequelae become crucial, requiring that rheumatologists, infectious disease specialists, and cardiologists cooperate to develop specific guidelines for a proper evaluation and management of these patients. More education is needed for physicians and other professionals about how to recognize the long-term impact of systemic problems related to KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Falcini
- Department of BioMedicine, Section of Rheumatology, Transition Clinic, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Capannini
- Department of BioMedicine, Section of Rheumatology, Transition Clinic, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Donato Rigante
- Department of Pediatric Sciences, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Schafranski MD, Ferraz de Freitas M, Valladão de Carvalho M. Association of aortic and main left coronary aneurysms with severe aortic insufficiency in Takayasu's arteritis. Clin Pract 2011; 1:e26. [PMID: 24765288 PMCID: PMC3981242 DOI: 10.4081/cp.2011.e26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Takayasu's arteritis is a granulomatous vasculitis of unknown etiology that affects mainly the aorta and its branches. As a result of intimal fibroproliferation, segmental stenosis, occlusion, dilatation, and aneurysmal formation of the involved vessels may develop. It is an uncommon disease and usually affects young Asian female patients during the second and third decades of life. Coronary arteries are exceptionally affected and coronary aneurysm formation is a very rare finding. We describe a case of a previously healthy 26-year-old Caucasian female whose Takayasu's arteritis presented as a previously undescribed association of aortic and main left coronary aneurysms with severe aortic insufficiency.
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An unexpected echocardiographic finding in a patient with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Geriatr Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurger.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jones S, Newall F, Manias E, Monagle P. Assessing outcome measures of oral anticoagulation management in children. Thromb Res 2011; 127:75-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Burns JC. Kawasaki disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06551-1.00157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Long-term anticoagulation in Kawasaki disease: Initial use of low molecular weight heparin is a viable option for patients with severe coronary artery abnormalities. Pediatr Cardiol 2010; 31:834-42. [PMID: 20431996 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-010-9715-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Patients with severe coronary artery involvement after Kawasaki disease (KD) require long-term systemic anticoagulation. We sought to compare our experience with thrombotic coronary artery occlusions, safety profile, and degree of coronary artery aneurysm regression in KD patients treated with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus warfarin. Medical records of all KD patients diagnosed between January 1990 and April 2007 were reviewed. Of 1374 KD patients, 38 (3%) received systemic anticoagulation, 25 patients received LMWH from diagnosis onward, 12 of whom were subsequently switched to warfarin, and 13 received warfarin from onset. The frequency of thrombotic coronary artery occlusions was similar between drugs. Severe bleeding was more frequent in patients on warfarin, but minor bleeding was more frequent for patients on LMWH. Patients on warfarin were at greater risk of underanticoagulation or overanticoagulation (defined as achieving an anti-activated factor X level or an international normalized ratio below or above target level) than patients on LMWH (P < 0.05). Maximum coronary artery aneurysm z-scores diminished with time for patients on LMWH (P = 0.03) but not for those on warfarin (P = 0.55). This study suggests that LMWH is a potentially viable alternative for patients, especially young ones, with severe coronary artery involvement after KD.
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Newburger JW, Fulton DR. Coronary revascularization in patients with Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 2010; 157:8-10. [PMID: 20472246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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