• children
• influenza A virus
• metabolome
• microbiota
• respiratory tract

• Humans
• Influenza, Human/microbiology
• Influenza, Human/virology
• Influenza, Human/blood
• Influenza, Human/metabolism
• Metabolome
• Male
• Female
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Microbiota
• RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
• Infant
• Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
• Influenza A virus
• Respiratory System/microbiology
• Adolescent
• Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype

• SARS-CoV-2
• antibodies
• community
• cytokines
• dynamics

• Humans
• COVID-19/immunology
• Male
• SARS-CoV-2/immunology
• Female
• Cytokines/blood
• Cytokines/immunology
• Antibodies, Viral/blood
• Antibodies, Viral/immunology
• Middle Aged
• Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
• Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
• Adult
• Prospective Studies
• Hospitalization
• Viral Load
• Aged
• North Carolina/epidemiology

• COVID-19
• Coronavirus
• Pharmacology
• SARS-CoV-2
• Treatment

• Humans
• Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
• COVID-19 Drug Treatment
• Bibliometrics
• SARS-CoV-2
• Ritonavir/therapeutic use
• Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives
• Adenosine Monophosphate/therapeutic use
• Lopinavir/therapeutic use
• Alanine/analogs & derivatives
• Alanine/therapeutic use
• Ivermectin/therapeutic use
• Drug Combinations
• Nitro Compounds/therapeutic use
• Xanthines/therapeutic use
• Ribavirin/therapeutic use
• Amides
• Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
• Hydroxylamines
• Pyrazines

• Coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia
• D-dimer
• deep-vein thrombosis
• inflammatory marker
• lung fibrosis
• pulmonary embolism

• Male
• Humans
• Female
• Middle Aged
• COVID-19
• Prospective Studies
• Pulmonary Fibrosis/complications
• Follow-Up Studies
• Tertiary Healthcare
• Pulmonary Embolism/therapy
• Thromboembolism
• Lung

• COVID-19
• Low-dose
• pneumonia.
• radionuclide therapy
• radiopharmaceuticals
• sodium pertechnetate Tc^99m

• Humans
• COVID-19/radiotherapy
• Radiopharmaceuticals
• Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets
• Radioisotopes
• Respiratory Therapy

• COVID-19
• Cytokine storm
• Direct hepatocyte injury
• Endotheliopathy
• Immuno-thromboinflammation
• Liver injury
• SARS-CoV-2

• Humans
• COVID-19/complications
• SARS-CoV-2
• RNA, Viral
• Endothelial Cells
• Incidence
• Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic/complications
• Population Groups
• Liver Diseases
• Risk Factors
• Prognosis

• COVID-19
• Long Covid infections
• interferons
• post-COVID-19 syndrome

• COVID-19
• Epidemiology
• Maternal-foetal outcome
• Pregnancy
• Venezuela

• Drug
• immunotherapeutic
• nutrition
• supportive therapy
• viral inhibitor

• Biosensors
• COVID-19
• Future challenges
• Novel biomarkers
• Rapid detection
• Risk factors

• COVID-19
• Mpro inhibitor
• RdRp inhibitor
• SARS-CoV-2
• host-targeted inhibitor
• small molecule

• COVID-19
• intensive care unit
• laboratory blood tests
• prognosis

• COVID-19 severity
• Comorbidities
• Laboratory parameters
• SARS-CoV-2

• COVID-19
• Liposomes
• Nanocarriers
• Nanomedicine
• Nanotechnology
• SARS-CoV-2

• Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
• Humans
• Liposomes
• Nanomedicine
• Nanoparticles
• SARS-CoV-2
• Vaccines
• COVID-19 Drug Treatment

• Corticoides
• Corticosteroids
• ICU
• Lopinavir/ritonavir
• SARS-CoV-2
• Tocilizumab
• UCI

• COVID-19
• Cohort Studies
• Critical Illness
• Female
• Hospital Mortality
• Humans
• Infant
• Lopinavir/therapeutic use
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Prospective Studies
• Ritonavir/therapeutic use
• SARS-CoV-2

Due to limited capacity, health care systems worldwide have been put in challenging situations since the emergence of COVID-19. To prioritize patients who need hospital admission, a better understanding of the clinical predictors of disease severity is required. In the current study, we investigated the predictors of mortality and severity of illness in COVID-19 from a single center in Cairo, Egypt.

This retrospective cohort study included 175 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia and had positive real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results for SARS-CoV-2 from 1 May 2020 to 1 December 2020. Severe COVID-19 was defined as requiring high-flow oxygen (flow rate of more than 8 L/min or use of high flow oxygen cannula), noninvasive ventilation, or invasive mechanical ventilation at any time point during the hospitalization. We used univariate and multivariate regression analyses to examine the differences in patient demographics and clinical and laboratory data collected during the first 24 h of hospitalization related to severe disease or death in all 175 patients.

Sixty-seven (38.3%) of the study subjects had a severe or critical disease. Elevated d-dimer, leukocytosis, and elevated CRP were found to be independent predictors of severe disease. In-hospital mortality occurred in 34 (19.4%) of the cases. Elevated TLC, urea, the use of invasive mechanical ventilation, and the presence of respiratory bacterial co-infection were found to be independently associated with mortality.

Clinical and laboratory data of COVID-19 patients at their hospital admission may aid clinicians in the early identification and triage of high-risk patients.

• COVID-19
• SARS-CoV-2
• Venezuela
• clinical characteristics
• epidemiology

• COVID-19/diagnosis
• COVID-19/epidemiology
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Pandemics
• Retrospective Studies
• SARS-CoV-2
• Venezuela/epidemiology

• Alternative pathway
• COVID-19
• Complement
• Factor B
• Hypoxemia
• Innate immunity

• Biomarkers
• COVID-19
• Complement Activation
• Hospital Mortality
• Humans
• Hypoxia
• SARS-CoV-2

• 407306 CIHR
• G-18-0022122 heart and stroke foundation of canada
• G-19-0026524 heart and stroke foundation of canada
• 407306 CIHR
• canvector
• canada research chairs
• canadian institutes of health research

• COVID-19
• Coronavirus disease 2019
• Interferon alpha
• SARS‑CoV‑2
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

Patients with unexplained pneumonia appeared in Wuhan, Hubei Province at the end of 2019.

To analyze the clinical data of patients with severe COVID-19.

Medical records of 28 severe patients admitted to the intensive care unit of Wuhan Xinzhou District People’s Hospital were collected from January 31 to March 17.

The mortality rate of severe patients in our study was 39.3%. There were statistically significant differences in age, admission systolic blood pressure, lymphocyte count, albumin, total bilirubin, and lactate dehydrogenase between the death group and the survival group (P< 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in APACHE II, CURB-65, SOFA, respiratory frequency, systolic pressure, platelet, procalcitonin, albumin, creatinine, creatine kinase isoenzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, chloride ion, prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, arterial partial pressure of oxygen, and FiO2 at ICU between the death group and the survival group (P< 0.05).

Fever and cough are the main symptoms, which is useful for predicting the prognosis to dynamically measure the APACHE II, CURB-65, SOFA, respiratory frequency, lymphocyte count, platelet, lactate dehydrogenase, and coagulation tests. The drugs that protect the liver and heart may improve the survival rate of patients with severe COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease 2019, COVID‐19, has reached all the corners of the world and was declared by the WHO as a global pandemic and public health emergency of international concern on the January 31, 2020. Allocating quick and specific biomarkers to predict the disease severity upon admission to hospital became a crucial need. This study, therefore, aimed at exploring the relationship between laboratory results in COVID‐19 patients admitted to hospital and the final outcome in these patients.

Retrospective analysis was performed on the medical records of 310 COVID‐19‐positive patients admitted to Uhod Hospital, the referral hospital in the area of Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, between the April 13 and the July 29, 2020. The association of laboratory results with the survival/mortality outcomes was studied.

It was demonstrated that lymphopenia, prolonged aPTT, high INR, high D. dimer and high CK are valuable prognostic predictors of the severity of the disease at early stages that can determine the outcome. Based on the results of the multiple logistic regression, the variables that are associated with death outcome are aPTT, HR, RR, ALT and CK level

It is proposed to perform these tests on admission to hospital for moderate to severe COVID‐19 patients to improve the management of those cases and reduce mortality.

• COVID-19
• hospital
• length of stay

• COVID-19
• Low dose effects
• immune responses
• low dose radiation

Cytokine release syndrome can be observed during the course of COVID-19. Tocilizumab is used for treating this highly fatal syndrome. We think that the starting time of tocilizumab is important. In this article, we aimed to discuss the efficacy of tocilizumab and to review the necessity of starting it in the early period and the laboratory values that guide us in determining the time of this early period.

This retrospective study includes a total of 308 patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 who were treated with tocilizumab, who were hospitalized in the University of Health Sciences, Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital between July 2020 and December 2020. The data of the patients were recorded on the day of hospitalization, the day of taking tocilizumab (day 0), and the 1st day, 3rd day, 7th day, and 14th day after taking tocilizumab. Data included age, gender, underlying diseases, where the patient was followed, duration of symptoms before admission to the hospital, duration of oxygen demand before tocilizumab, fever, saturation, and laboratory values. Patients were divided into the mortality group (group 1) and the survival group (group 2), and all data were compared.

The study consisted of 308 COVID-19 patients divided into two groups: the mortality group (group 1, n = 135) and the survival group (group 2, n = 173). The median age of the patients was 60 (min–max: 50-70) years, 75.3% (n = 232) were male, and 56.8% had at least one comorbidity. While 88.9% of group 1 was in the intensive care unit, 26.6% of group 2 received tocilizumab while in the intensive care unit, and there was a statistically significant difference. Median SpO₂ values and lymphocyte counts were significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2, both on the day of hospitalization and on the day of the first dose of tocilizumab treatment (p < 0.001 for both). C-reactive protein, d-dimer, and alanine aminotransferase values were higher in the mortal group on the first day of hospitalization, and this was significant (p = 0.021, p = 0.001, and p = 0.036, respectively). In our study, d-dimer was 766.5 ng/mL in the survivor group and 988.5 ng/mL in the mortal group. In our patient group, the mean lymphocyte count was 700 × 10³/mm³ in the group that survived the first day of TCZ and 500 × 10³/mm³ in the mortal group. In addition, the CRP value was 135.5 mg/L in the survivor group and 169 mg/L in the mortal group. There was no difference between ferritin values.

Tocilizumab is still among the COVID-19 treatment options and appears to be effective. But the start time is important. In order to increase its effectiveness, it may be important to know a cut-off value of the laboratory findings required for the diagnosis of cytokine release syndrome. Further studies are needed for this.

• COVID-19
• SARS-CoV-2
• anakinra
• dexamethasone
• epilepsy
• ivermectin
• seizure
• tocilizumab
• valproic acid

• Drug Repositioning
• Epilepsy/complications
• Humans
• SARS-CoV-2
• Seizures/drug therapy
• COVID-19 Drug Treatment

Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) mainly affects young children and immunocompromised patients, causing morbidity and mortality in a subset of patients. Since no specific treatment is available, this study aims to explore the anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents including favipiravir and remdesivir for treating HCoV-NL63 infection. We first successfully modelled the 3D structure of HCoV-NL63 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) based on the experimentally solved SARS-CoV-2 RdRp structure. Molecular docking indicated that favipiravir has similar binding affinities to SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-NL63 RdRp with LibDock scores of 75 and 74, respectively. The LibDock scores of remdesivir to SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-NL63 were 135 and 151, suggesting that remdesivir may have a higher affinity to HCoV-NL63 compared to SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. In cell culture models infected with HCoV-NL63, both favipiravir and remdesivir significantly inhibited viral replication and production of infectious viruses. Overall, remdesivir compared to favipiravir is more potent in inhibiting HCoV-NL63 in cell culture. Importantly, there is no evidence of resistance development upon long-term exposure to remdesivir. Furthermore, combining favipiravir or remdesivir with the clinically used antiviral cytokine interferon-alpha resulted in synergistic effects. These findings provided a proof-of-concept that anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs, in particular remdesivir, have the potential to be repurposed for treating HCoV-NL63 infection.

Background: To explore the differences in clinical manifestations and infection marker determination for early diagnosis of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and influenza (A and B).

Methods: A hospital-based retrospective cohort study was designed. Patients with COVID-19 and inpatients with influenza at a sentinel surveillance hospital were recruited. Demographic data, medical history, laboratory findings, and radiographic characteristics were summarized and compared between the two groups. The chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used for categorical variables, and Kruskal–Wallis H-test was used for continuous variables in each group. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to differentiate the intergroup characteristics. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the predisposing factors.

Results: About 23 patients with COVID-19 and 74 patients with influenza were included in this study. Patients with influenza exhibited more symptoms of cough and sputum production than COVID-19 (p < 0.05). CT showed that consolidation and pleural effusion were more common in influenza than COVID-19 (p < 0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that patients with influenza had high values of infection and coagulation function markers, but low values of blood routine and biochemical test markers than patients with COVID-19 (mild or moderate groups) (p < 0.05). In patients with COVID-19, the ROC analysis showed positive predictions of albumin and hematocrit, but negative predictions of C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Multivariate analysis revealed that influenza might associate with risk of elevated CRP, PCT, and LDH, whereas COVID-19 might associated with high HBDH.

Conclusion: Patients with influenza had more obvious clinical symptoms but less common consolidation lesions and pleural effusion than those with COVID-19. These findings suggested that influenza likely presents with stronger inflammatory reactions than COVID-19, which provides some insights into the pathogenesis of these two contagious respiratory illnesses.

• COVID-19
• ROC curve
• clinical characteristics
• influenza
• retrospective cohort study

Rhabdomyolysis is defined as a syndrome consisting of muscle necrosis and the release of intracellular muscle components into the bloodstream. Although rhabdomyolysis has been previously reported as an initial presentation or late complication of COVID-19, the data on it is still limited, and currently, there is no single case of COVID-19 in the literature that describes creatine kinase levels of more than 30,000 IU/L.

A 50-year-old African–American male presented to the hospital with decreased urine output, dark urine color, and constipation for the past couple of days. He was found to have acute kidney injury, liver injury, and creatinine kinase of 359,910 IU/L, for which aggressive intravenous fluid therapy was given. Infectious workup resulted in positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 polymerase chain reaction. Two days after admission, the patient became symptomatic from a coronavirus disease 2019: he developed fever and hypoxia, and was placed on supplemental oxygen and started on a 10-day course of dexamethasone. The patient responded well to the treatment and supportive care for coronavirus disease 2019 and was successfully discharged.

Clinicians should be cognizant of atypical coronavirus disease 2019 presentations. The spectrum of damage of coronavirus disease 2019 is still an evolving topic, and more research is required to reveal the exact mechanisms by which severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 leads to rhabdomyolysis.

• COVID-19
• Coronavirus
• Creatine kinase
• Rhabdomyolysis
• SARS-CoV-2

• ACE2
• COVID-19
• Genetic susceptibility
• Polymorphisms
• SARS-CoV-2

• IFN signaling pathway
• SARS-CoV-2
• highly pathogenic coronaviruses
• host–virus interaction
• innate immunity

• National Natural Science Foundation of China

• covid-19
• cytokines
• sars-cov-2
• tocilizumab
• ventilation

• Cytokines
• Inflammatory response
• Interferon
• Interleukins

• COVID-19/immunology
• COVID-19/pathology
• Cytokine Release Syndrome
• Cytokines/immunology
• Humans
• Inflammation/drug therapy
• Pandemics
• SARS-CoV-2

Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are increasing in prevalence in recent years. In the last few months, the rise of COVID-19 patients has generated a new escalation in patients presenting opportunistic mycoses, mainly by Aspergillus. Candida infections are not being reported yet.

We aimed to determine the prevalence of systemic candidiasis in patients admitted to ICUs due to severe pneumonia secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the existence of possible associated risk factors that led these patients to develop candidiasis.

We designed a study including patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19.

The prevalence of systemic candidiasis was 14.4%, and the main isolated species were C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. All patients that were tested positive for Candida spp. stayed longer in the ICU in comparison to patients who tested negative. Patients with candidiasis had higher MuLBSTA score and mortality rates and a worse radiological involvement. In our study, Candida spp. isolates were found in patients that were submitted to: tocilizumab, tocilizumab plus systemic steroids, interferon type 1β and Lopinavir-Ritonavir.

Results suggested a high prevalence of systemic candidiasis in severe COVID-19-associated pneumonia patients. Patients with Candidiasis had the worst clinical outcomes. Treatment with tocilizumab could potentialize the risk to develop systemic candidiasis.

• COVID-19
• Candida
• Systemic candidiasis
• Viral pneumonia

• COVID-19 pneumonia
• interstitial lung disease
• point-of-care LUS
• predictive models
• residual lung injury
• thromboembolic disease

• COVID-19
• Critical Illness
• Humans
• Lung/diagnostic imaging
• Lung Injury/diagnostic imaging
• Point-of-Care Systems
• SARS-CoV-2
• Ultrasonography

• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
• Pneumonia
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
• Virus