Potential effects of curcumin on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in vitro and in vivo

Table 1 Molecular targets of curcumin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ modulated by curcumin in vivo and in vitro

Transcription factors	Growth factor/or cytokines	Proteins/or protein kinase pathway	Inflammatory mediators	Enzymes
STAT3 ↓	TGF-β↓	Cyclin D1 ↓	IL-1 ↓	LOX ↓
NF-κB ↓	TNF-α↓	Collagen ↓	IL-2 ↓	XO ↓
	MCP-1 ↓	LDL ↓	IL-6 ↓	COX-2 ↓
		Insulin ↓	IL-8 ↓	iNOS ↓
		Leptin ↓	LOX ↓
		JAK/STAT ↓

NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; TGF: Transforming growth factor; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; LOX: Lipoxygenase; COX: Cyclooxygenase; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TNF: Tumor necrosis factors; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; IL: Interleukin; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; XO: Xanthine oxidase.